BIO 181 Final

The only source(s) of new genetic variation (material) is / are _____ .

The only source(s) of new genetic variation (material) is / are _____ .

mutations

Observational Data

Involving watching someone/thing carefully and closely in order to learn something

Quantitative Data

Numbers, measured, quantity

Experimental Data

An operation or procedure carried out under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect or law, to test or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known law

Qualitative Data

Descriptions, data observed, but cannot be measured

Founder Effect

An event that initiates an allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original population; genetic makeup not representative of the larger population left behind

Heterozygous Advantage

the case in whcih the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive

Bottleneck affect

a chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population; can magnify genetic drift by wiping away large portions of the genome

Mutation

Rare change in DNA, is the ultimate source of new alleles, or new genetic variation in any population

Sexual dimorphism

The condition where the sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction

Intrasexual Selection

depends on the success of certain individuals over others of the same sex, in relation to the propagation of the species

Stabilizing Selection

A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes over a particular trait value

Directional Selection

A mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

Oscillating Selection

Selection favors one phenotype at one time, and a different phenotype at another timeD

Disruptive selection

A mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values

Smaller teeth in all modern humans as our diets became less coarse

Directional Selection

The large antlers of moose help them fight other males, to gain access to females

Intrasexual

Two distinctly different beak sizes occur in a single population of black-bellied seed crackers (a finch species that lives in Cameroon, West Africa). The small-billed individuals feed mainly on soft seeds, while the large-billed individuals feed mainly on hard seeds.

Disruptive

One way species evolve is by...

Immigration/Emigration

Random mating

Involves the mating of individuals regardless of any physical, genetic, or social preference. Hence potential mates have an equal chance of being selected

Immigration

The influx of new individuals from other areas

Emmigration

The movement of individuals out of a population

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation (formation of 2 species from one original species) that occurs in the same geogrpahical area

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that involves geographic isolation

Which of the following biological organizations of hierarchical ordered complexity of life is in the correct order?

Organisms, populations, communities, biosphere

Evolutionary changes within a species are most accurately referred to as

microevolution

What is the smallest LIVING unit of life?

Cell

Mechanical Isolation

Their reproductive structures simply do not fit together

Subspecies

Biological classification that ranks below species; designates a population of a specific geographic region genetically distinguishable from other populations of the same species

Prevention of gamete fusion

Gametes of one species function poorly when fertilized with gametes of another species

Behavioral isolation

Presence or absence of a specific behavior impacts or prevents reproduction

Hybrid

Refers to plants or animals resulting from a cross between two races, breeds, strains, or varieties of the same species

Ecological Isolation

Members of a species move or are otherwise separated; populations occupy different habitats

Temporal Isolation

Species have different breeding schedules

Convergent Evolution

Similar phenotypes evolve in distantly related species due to the same evolutionary pressures

Prezygotic

Occurs before completion of fertilization, affecting reproduction

Postzygotic

Occurs after fertilization and zygot formation, affecting reproduction

During the Vietnam War, many American soldiers serving in Vietnam (~10,000 men) had children with Vietnamese woman. This is an example of...

Gene Flow

Genetic Drift

Random; allele frequencies within a population change randomly; no advantage to population over existing allele frequencies; tends to reduce genetic variation in small populations

Random Mating

Involves the mating of individuals regardless of any physical, genetic, or social preference

Non-random mating

The probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals

Recombination

A process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles

Natural Selection

Differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotypes/traits, operates on the individual, which then affects changes of the population for the population to evolve

Gene Flow

The flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migrations of individuals or gametes, can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location to another

Post-gametic

Barriers that occur after zygote formation such as organisms that die as embryos or those that are born sterile

Iterative

The action or a process of iterating or repeating an action or process; a procedure in which repetition of a sequence of operations yields resuts successively closer to a desired result

Sympatric

Speciation that occurs in the same geographical area

Pre-gametic

Barriers that prevent fertilizationA

Anagenesis

When a population of an entire species changes on a genetic level without a split; ancestral population goes extinct

Sickle

An inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood shells

Allopatric

Speciation that involves geographic isolation

DNA shows that there are three subspecies of African elephants: 1. the West African species; 2. in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, the savanna elephants; and 3. in Central Africa, the forest elephants. This means that African elephants are a great example of ___ speciation.

Allopatric

Two separate populations of birds live on different sides of a river, but quickly begin to fly to each other’s sides to interact and interbreed. These populations are most likely to:

Experience Gene Flow

Two members of the initial Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744 shared the recessive allele for Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, which results in a long narrow chest and shortening of the limbs. More Amish people have these traits than the surrounding non-Amish population. This is an example of…

Founder Effect

Cladogenesis

Species split into two genetically distinct populations adapted to different ecosystems and/or survival strategies, both species may survive

Gradualism

Changes in a species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in a gene pool, standard view for a long time; species diverge gradually through time with small steps

We learned that all organisms share the following characteristics except which one? In other words, which of the following is not shared by all organisms?

Survival

Evolutionary Adaptation

The adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve their chances at survial in that environment

Ordered Complexity

Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be examined on a scale from small to large

Homeostasis

All living organisms have an optimum range in whcih thet survive the best, maintain stability, bodily mechanisms to maintain a homeostatic environment

Growth

Development of organisms, reproduction of organisms

Energy Utilization

All living organisms use energy, energy can be from the sun, plants, food

Sensitivity

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment

Survival

A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event, an outliving

The unit of evolution is the

Population

On a small island, three separate phenotypes of a single species of cherry tree occur—small, medium, and large cherries. Mice are introduced to the island, and they are the only ones that eat cherries. It is concluded that the mice eat the larger cherries. What kind of selection, if any, is occurring here?

Directional Selection

Temporal Selection

A type of reproductive mechanism among sexual organisms in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species, which could otherwise breed with one another, from mating and producing hybrid offspring

Darwin's work on the Galapagos Islans led him to derive all of the following concepts, EXCEPT:

Inheriting acquired characteristics

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment/area can sustain with its available resources where the resources are not decreasing enough to significantly threaten the survival of the species

K

refers to carrying capacity. Means that the babies are entering a competitve world, in a population at or near its carrying capacity. K-selected reproductive strategies tend towards heavy invstment in each offspring, are more common in long-lived organisms, with a longer period of maturation to adulthood, heavy parental care and nurturing, often a period of teaching the young, and with fierce protection of the babies by the parents

Competitive Exclusion

Species that have similar or identical niches cannot stabely coexist in the same place for long periods of time when their common resources are limiting

Autotrophic

relating to a living rhing that can make its own food from simple chemical substances such as carbon dioxide

r

Reproduction. Such a species puts only a small investment of resources into each offspring, but produces many such low effort babies. Such species are also generally not very invested in protecting or rearing these young

Type I Survivorship Curve

Shows individuals that have a high probability of surviving through early and middle life but have a rapid decline in the number of individuals surviving into late life

Type II Survivorship Curve

Shows a roughly constant mortality rate for the species through its entire life. Means that the individuals chance of dying is independent of their age

Type III Survivorship Curve

Early in life, these organisms have a high mortality rate, but mortality rate drops the older these organisms become.

The Net Reproductive Rate (R0) of a population of wild mustang horses is 0.99. This means that if you were observing / watching the population, you would think that it is _____ .

Stable

Predation

The pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food

Resource Partitioning

Resource partitioning is when two species whose niches overlap may evolve by natural selection to have more distinct niches

Fundamental Niche

The entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself

Realized Niche

The set of conditions actually used by given animal (population, species) after interactions with other species have been taken into account

The specific full name of the trophic level of grasses in a food web is... (Hint: The correct answer has more than one word.)

Primary Producer

You are part of a research team tasked with coming-up with a plan to measure the total amount of energy produced in a Sumatran (Indonesia) rainforest. This means that you will have to figure-out how to measure...

Primary Productivity

Energetic Threshold

The level of magnitude of a system process at which sudden or rapid change occurs

Net productivity

The rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants or other primary producers and made available to the consumers in the ecosystem

Trophic Efficiency

Energy transfer efficiency between two successive trophic levelsP

Primary productivity

The process by which organisms make their own food from inorganic sources

Total energy

Energy fixed by plants in a community through photosynthesis

Several species of Galapagos finches differ in beak size and beak depth, which allows them to coexist in the same region since each species eats a different type of seed: the seed best fit for its unique beak. The finches with the deeper, stronger beaks consume large, tough seeds, while the finches with smaller beaks consume the smaller, softer seeds. This is an example of…

Character displacement

Character Displacement

In any real environemt where there are limited resources, no two species will evolve to fill the exact same niche. Evolutionary pressures cause a divergence in the characters of the two species so that their resources are not limited by the other species

Fecundity

Fertility, the ability to produce offspring

Aposematic Characteristic

Organisms with aposematic characteristics have bright, obvious warning signs indicating toxicity to potential predators. Predators recognize the warning signs and do not usually try to eat them, so there is no selective pressure to camouflauge

Prior to 1993, Mormon butterflies were present in the Okinawa region of Japan, however, Rose butterflies were not present. Therefore, female Mormon butterflies in this region did not mimic Rose butterflies, but instead, mimicked the males of their own species. In 1993, Rose butterflies established a population in Okinawa. After 1993, Mormon butterflies in the Okinawa region began to mimic the unpalatable Rose butterflies by increasing the white spots on their wings to avoid predation, as shown in the image above. This study shows direct evidence of micro-evolution toward ________ mimicry.

Batesian

Signal Mimicry

Occurs when mimic and model share the same reciever for the model's traitM

Batesian mimicry

A form of mimicry where a harmless organism mimics a poisonous or unpalatable one

Mullerian Mimicry

A form of mimicry in which noxious, or dangerous species evolve to resemble each other

Aposematic Mimicry

Refers to species that have evolved similar color patterns to toxic prey, capitalizing on the tendency for predators to learn to avoid conspicously signaling toxic prey

About _____ of the energy captured by photosynthesis passes all the way through to secondary carnivores.

0.001

Exploitative

A form of competiton that revolves around the superior ability to gather resources rather than an active interaction among organisms for these resourcesC

Competitive exclusion

the idea that species that have similar or identical niches cannot stably coexist in the same place for long periods of time when their common resources are limiting