Anatomy Exam 4

Metabolism

All chemical processes that our cells are involved in 

2 divisions: 

• catabolic

• Anabolic

catabolic metabolism

breaking down of molecules- releases energy

• involved in hydrolysis

• larger molecules release smaller molecules and energy

anabolic metabolism

synthesis of new molecules- requires energy

• involved in dehydration synthesis

• smaller molecules and energy combine into larger molecules

major players of metabolism

ATP, Glucose, NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2, Mitochondria, Electron transport chain

ATP

cellular currency

• have 3 phosphates called (tri-phosphate)

• sugar (ribose)

• Nitrogenous base (adenine)

NAD+ (oxidized or reduced) and what does that mean

oxidized- empty

NADH (oxidized or reduced) and what does that mean

Reduced- full

oxidized

lose electrons

reduced

gain electrons

FAD (oxidized or reduced) what does it mean

oxidized- empty

FADH2 (Oxidized or reduced) what does it mean

reduced- full

FAD and FADH2 are only in which cycle

citric acid cycle

net yield through glycolysis (glycolysis scorecard)

atp-2

nadh-2

pyruvate-2

without oxygen

anaerobic respiration

with oxygen

aerobic respiration

phases of aerobic respiration

1. glycolysis

2. acetyl CoA formation

3. citric acid cycle (kreb’s cycle)

4. electron transport chain

Citric acid cycle scorecard NADH

8 (this includes the 2 NADH added during pyruvate oxidation before it goes around the circle, it would be 6 if it doesn’t include those)

Citric acid cycle scorecard ATP

2

Citric acid cycle scorecard FADH2

2

roughly how many ATP are produced in the Electron transport chain

32 ATP

NADH yields… how many ATP?

3 ATP

FADH2 yields… how many ATP

2 ATP

NADH starts at… what complex?

complex I

FADH2 starts at… what complex?

complex II

Electron Transport chain (ETC) final score card

• how many NADH come from glycolysis

2

Electron Transport chain (ETC) final score card

• how many NADH come from pyruvate oxidation

2

Electron Transport chain (ETC) final score card

• how many NADH come from citric acid cycle

6

conversion rate to ATP all from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle

3 ATP/ NADH

ATP Yield through electron transport- Glycolysis (NADH)

6 ATP

ATP Yield through electron transport- pyruvate oxidation (NADH)

6 ATP

ATP Yield through electron transport- Citric acid cycle (NADH)

18 ATP

how many FADH come from citric acid cycle and what is the conversion rate to ATP

2 FADH, 2ATP/FADH

What is the ATP yield through the electron transport chain (FADH)

4 ATP

Net total from electron transport

34 ATP

total from glycolysis+ citric acid cycle

4 ATP

total ATP from complete aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule

38 ATP

Protein metabolism

• amino acids are not stored in the body

• used rarely for energy

• products can enter glycolysis or the citric acid cycle at several points

motor units

• can control 3-5 muscle fibers hand or eye control

• thousand thigh muscle

proprioceptor

a receptor that relays information regarding the position of our body and extremities

stretch reflex purpose

protects agains over stretching of a muscle

stretch reflex receptor

muscle spindle

Monosynaptic

stretch reflex how it works?

the muscle that stretches will contract

golgi tendon reflex purpose

protects the tendon and bone from excessive force

golgi tendon reflex receptor

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

polysynaptic

golgi tendon reflex how it works

The muscle with tension will relax. Antagonistic muscle contracts

Withdrawl reflex purpose

minimize tissue damage

withdrawl reflex receptor

nociceptors (pain receptors)

1. nociceptors detect pain

2. send infor to spinal cord

3. lower motor neurons are stimulated and inhibited

4. remove or withdraw from pain

5. Crossed extensor reflex causes opposite extremity to hold weight

withdrawl reflex how it works

activates the muscles (flexors) that move limb away from the stimulus

crossed over extensor reflex purpose

support the weight of the body

crossed over extensor reflex receptor

activated by the withdrawal reflex

polysynaptic

crossed over extensor reflex how it works

Activates the extensors on the opposite side of the body

somatic nervous system target

skeletal muscle

somatic nervous system control

voluntary

somatic nervous system result

skeletal muscle contracts

somatic nervous system synapses

1

somatic nervous system neurotransmitter

Ach

somatic nervous system receptors

nicotinic

Autonomic nervous system target

smooth/cardiac muscle, glands, organs

Autonomic nervous system control

unconscious

Autonomic nervous system result

target tissue stimulated or inhibited

Autonomic nervous system synapses

2

Autonomic nervous system neurotransmitter

Ach at preganglionic, Ach OR NE at postganglionic

Autonomic nervous system receptors

nicotinic, muscarinic, adrenergic

Autonomic ganglia

relay centers consisting of cell bodies away from the CNS

Sympathetic

sympathetic chain ganglia- near the spine

collateral ganglia- away from the spine

parasympathetic

terminal ganglia- located near the effector they innervate

• If a nerve travels from the lateral horn of the spinal cord to the effector, where is it headed?

1. SCG

2. Adrenal Medulla

3. Peripheral Ganglia

4. White Ramus

peripheral ganglia

• Which of the following pathways would make the heart beat faster?

1. Spinal Nerve

2. Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve

3. Splanchnic

4. Adrenal Medullary

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve

Preganglionic sympathetic neuron (neuron length)

short to medium

Preganglionic sympathetic neuron (neurotransmitter released)

ACH

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron (neuron length)

medium to long

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron (neurotransmitter released)

NE (except sweat glands and some blood vessels-ACH)

preganglionic parasympathetic neuron (neuron length)

long

preganglionic parasympathetic neuron (neurotransitter released)

ACH

postganglionic parasympathetic neuron (neuron length)

short

postganglionic parasympathetic neuron (neurotransmitter released)

ACH