Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Science

What is a cell?

The smallest structural and functional unit of life.

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A simple cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A complex cell that has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What does "prokaryote" mean?

"Before nucleus.”

What does "eukaryote" mean?

"True nucleus."

What organisms are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea.

What organisms are eukaryotes?

Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists.

Which cells are older evolutionarily?

Prokaryotic cells.

Which cells are larger?

Eukaryotic cells.

Which cells have membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic cells.

Which cells have circular DNA?

Prokaryotic cells.

Which cells have linear DNA?

Eukaryotic cells.

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

Binary fission.

How do eukaryotic cells divide?

Mitosis and meiosis.

What is the outermost layer of many bacteria?

Capsule (Glycocalyx).

Function of the capsule?

Protection, prevents dehydration, attachment, helps avoid immune cells.

What is the cell wall made of in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan.

Function of the cell wall?

Protection, support, maintains shape, prevents bursting.

Function of the plasma membrane?

Controls movement of substances and maintains homeostasis.

What is cytoplasm?

Jelly-like fluid where metabolic reactions occur.

What is the nucleoid?

Region containing circular DNA.

Does the nucleoid have a membrane?

No.

What are plasmids?

Small circular DNA carrying extra genes.

Why are plasmids important?

They may contain antibiotic resistance genes.

Function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

Ribosome size in prokaryotes?

70S.

Function of pili?

Attachment and DNA transfer during conjugation

Function of fimbriae?

Help bacteria attach to surfaces.

Function of the flagellum?

Movement.

Function of the cell membrane?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, protects the cell, maintains homeostasis.

What is the cell membrane made of?

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins.

What model explains the membrane?

Fluid Mosaic Model.

Function of cytoplasm?

Suspends organelles and is the site of many chemical reactions.

What is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus.

Function of the nucleus?

Stores DNA and controls all cell activities.

What surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope.

Function of nuclear pores?

Allow movement of RNA and proteins.

Function of nucleolus?

Produces ribosomes.

What does chromatin become during cell division?

Chromosomes.

Function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

Ribosome size in eukaryotes?

80S.

Difference between free and bound ribosomes?

Free ribosomes make proteins used inside the cell; bound ribosomes make proteins for secretion or membranes.

What does RER stand for?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Why is it called rough?

It has ribosomes attached.

Function of Rough ER?

Protein synthesis, folding, and transport.

What does SER stand for?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Why is it called smooth?

It has no ribosomes.

Function of Smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage.

What is the Golgi Apparatus called?

The Packaging and Shipping Center.

Function of Golgi Apparatus?

Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and lipids.

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria.

Function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP through cellular respiration.

What are cristae?

Folded inner membrane where the Electron Transport Chain occurs.

Does mitochondria have DNA?

Does mitochondria have DNA?

Which cells contain chloroplasts?

Plant cells.

Function of chloroplast?

Photosynthesis.

Pigment found in chloroplast?

Chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll.

Stacks of thylakoids.

What is the stroma?

Fluid surrounding the thylakoids.

Function of vacuoles?

Store water, nutrients, pigments, and waste.

Which cells have a large central vacuole?

Plant cells.

Function of lysosomes?

Digest waste, bacteria, and worn-out organelles.

What enzymes do lysosomes contain?

Digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes.

Function of peroxisomes?

Break down fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.

Which enzyme is found in peroxisomes?

Catalase.

Function of cytoskeleton?

Maintains shape, support, movement, and intracellular transport.

Function of centrosome?

Organizes microtubules and forms spindle fibers.

What does the centrosome contain?

Two centrioles (animal cells).

Function of cilia?

Move substances across the cell surface.

Function of flagella?

Move the entire cell.

Example of a cell with a flagellum?

Human sperm cell.

What is the cell cycle?

The sequence of events that prepares a cell for division.

Four main stages of the cell cycle?

G₁, S, G₂, M.

What happens during G₁?

Cell grows and performs normal functions.

What happens during S phase?

DNA replication.

What happens during G₂?

Cell prepares for mitosis.

What happens during M phase?

Mitosis and cytokinesis occur.

Purpose of mitosis?

Growth, repair, and replacement of cells.

Purpose of meiosis?

Produces gametes (sex cells).

When does DNA replication occur?

S phase of interphase.

Purpose of DNA replication?

To make an identical copy of DNA before cell division.

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

Transcription and Translation.

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus.

Where does translation occur?

Ribosomes.

What happens during translation?

mRNA is used to build proteins.

Purpose of cellular respiration?

Produce ATP (energy)

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm.

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix.

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).

Purpose of photosynthesis?

Produce glucose from sunlight.

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Thylakoid membranes.

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

Stroma.

What is endocytosis?

The process of bringing substances into the cell using vesicles.

Three types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

What is exocytosis?

The process of releasing substances outside the cell using vesicles.