Histo Peripheral Blood & Circulatory System (2 Lectures)

55% plasma

45% erythrocytes

5% buffy coat

What percentages of the blood are made up by erythrocytes, plasma, and buffy coat?

water

What makes up 92% of plasma?

platelets

Anucleate cell fragments involved in blood coagulation; contain alpha granules and delta/dense granules

agranuloctes: lymphocytes and monocytes

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes, and which are granulocytes?

erythrocytes

anucleate cells with no organelles and a lifespan of 120 days; most numerous formed element in the blood

erythrocytes

What cells transport oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues of the body and transport carbon dioxide waste from those tissues back to the lungs?

pallor

thin, lightly stained region of an erythrocyte

hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen

oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

carbaminohemoglobin

the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia

autosomal recessive disorder associated with the production of defective hemoglobins, which causes ischemia of tissue (inadequate blood supply)

hemoglobin

What protein is affected by sickle cell anemia?

alpha and delta

What 2 types of granules do platelets have?

Gray Platelet Syndrome

What problem occurs when alpha granules are absent in platelets?

storage pool deficiency

What problem occurs when delta granules are absent in platelets?

fibrin

Trauma to vessels results in a _______ clot.

lymphocytes

Leukocytes with a round/oval nucleus, dense chromatin, and a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm; include B, T, and null cells and play roles in immune defense

B cells

lymphocytes involved in the humoral immune response

T cells

lymphocytes involved in the cellular immune response

null cells

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)/natural killer cells

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

blood cancer, where there are abnormally high levels of mature lymphocytes in peripheral blood and tissue, smudge cells are present, organs are enlarged, and pinpoint hemorrhages occur

smudge cell

a ruptured leukocyte, seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

monocytes

Large leukocytes with an elongated kidney-shaped nucleus and azurophilic granules; differentiate into tissue phagocytes such as macrophages, Kupffer cells, microglia, dust cells, and osteoclasts

neutrophils

Leukocytes with a multilobed nucleus, primary nonspecific granules, and secondary specific antibacterial granules; use oxidative killing via respiratory burst/H₂O₂ and nonoxidative killing via phagocytosis

band neutrophil

a neutrophil with a nucleus that has not yet become segmented (lack the thin connecting bits); many are present during infection

primary granules

In neutrophils, what kind of granules are nonspecific?

secondary granules

In neutrophils, what kind of granules are specific and contain antibacterial compounds?

hydrogen peroxide

What compound do neutrophils form during an oxidative respiratory burst?

eosinophils

Leukocytes with a 2–3 lobed nucleus and eosinophilic specific granules; degrade antigen-antibody complexes, degrade histamine to limit inflammation, and defend against parasitic infections

histamine

Eosinophils degrade _______ to limit inflammation.

basophils

rare leukocytes with a 2- or 3- lobed nucleus that release histamine and heparin in allergic reactions; attract eosinophils and neutrophils to the site; very dark blue/purple

neutrophil (54-62%)

Which leukocyte is most prevalent?

basophil

Which leukocyte is the most sparse?

liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

Where are discontinuous capillaries located?

b) characterized by the presence of fat cells and blood vessels

The epicardium is one of the 3 layers of the heart. It is:

a) continuous with the endocardium via the annulus fibrosis

b) characterized by the presence of fat cells and blood vessels

c) composed of modified cardiac muscle cells called Purkinje fibers

d) capable of increasing intraventricular pressure

d) capable of decreasing rate of contraction

sinoatrial (SA) node

The generation of impulses in the normal heart is the responsibility of the ______________.

large vein

a vessel containing longitudinal bundles within its tunica adventitia is classified as what?

medium (muscular) artery

a vessel often characterized by an external elastic lamina, which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia is classified as what?

eosinophil

Which white blood cell has specific granules characterized by the presence of an internum?

e) osteoblast

Which of the following is NOT a cell that a monocyte might develop into?

a) macrophage

b) microglia

c) Kuppfer cell

d) dust cell

e) osteoblast

megakaryocytes

huge specialized cells in the bone marrow that produce platelets and have a large floppy nucleus

arteries

Between arteries and veins, which has high pressure?

large

What size are elastic arteries?

medium

What size are muscular arteries?

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

3 layers of the heart wall

endocardium

inner lining of the heart ("c" in the image); consists of endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, subendocardium, and Purkinje fibers

endothelium; mesothelium

Endocardium is covered by ____________, while epicardium is covered by __________.

myocardium

thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle cells with intercalated discs ("a" in the image)

epicardium

outer layer of the heart ("b" in the image); contains nerves, blood vessels, and adipocytes and is covered by mesothelium

sinoatrial (SA) node

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the AV node to the right and left ventricles; also called bundle of His.

purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract (terminal part of the conducting system)

ventricles

Between ventricles and atria, which are thicker?

chordae tendineae

cord-like structures connecting the cusps of bicuspid & tricuspid valves with the papillary muscles

pericardial effusion

excess fluid in the pericardial cavity due to inflammation of pericardium (pericarditis)

hemopericardium

condition when blood is trapped in the pericardial cavity

veins

Do arteries or veins have a larger lumen?

Smooth muscle

_________ cells produce elastic laminae in elastic arteries.

large (elastic) arteries

Which vessels have a thin tunica intima and tunica adventitia with vasa vasorum, and a thick tunica media (rich and well organized elastic laminae)? (AKA conducting arteries)

vasa vasorum

“vessels within a vessel” that provide nutrition and O₂ to the thick tunica media and tunica adventitia of large vessels

medium (muscular) arteries

Which vessels have a thin tunica intima and tunica adventitia, a thick tunica media with 6-40 layers of smooth muscle cells, and internal and external elastic laminae? (AKA distributing arteries) (on the left in the image)

dense bodies

structures in vascular smooth muscle cells that anchor actin filaments

arterioles

Which vessels have an endothelium, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells, and a small round lumen?

small arteries

Which vessels have a thin tunica intima and tunica adventitia, a tunica media consisting of 3-6 layers of smooth muscle cells, and an internal elastic lamina?

sympathetic nervous system

Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps with vasoconstriction?

parasympathetic nervous system

Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps with vasodilation?

arterioles

last segment of the arterial system; connect to the capillary network; able to sense changes in blood pressure, flow, O2 tension

endothelium

provides a permeability barrier; controls the composition of interstitial tissue fluid; allows the movement of leukocytes, fluid, and immunoglobins into tissue; provides for angiogenesis in the formation of new blood vessels; controls blood pressure; provides anticoagulent signals (thrombomodulin, nitrous oxide, prostacylin)

anticoagulant signals

Thrombomodulin, nitrous oxide, and prostacylin are all examples of ____________ provided by the endothelium of blood vessels.

endothelin

A peptide produced by a blood vessel's endothelium that causes the vessel to constrict (vasocontriction)

nitric oxide and prostacyclin

vasodilators provided by the endothelium of blood vessels

• decreases platelet inhibitors

• promotes platelet activation

• exposes basal lamina/connective tissue

• allows platelet adhesion and aggregation

If endothelial cells are injured, how does this affect platelets?

coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAD)

condition that involves changes within the artery wall, accumulation of lipid, formation of plaques, and thickening of tunica intima

capillaries

Which vessels function in exchange of metabolites, gases, and nutrients, as well as inhibition of clot formation?

continuous capillaries

What type of capillary is found in muscle, CT, nervous tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and the thymus?

continuous capillary

What type of capillary has no pores, has a continuous basal lamina, and allows limited materials to pass through its walls?

fenestrated capillaries

What type of capillary is found in the intestine, glomerulus of kidney, and endocrine organs?

fenestrated capillary

What type of capillary has endothelial cells with small pores/diaphragms, has a continuous basal lamina, and allows a great range of substances to pass through their wall?

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

What type of capillary is found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes?

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillary

What type of capillary has endothelial cells with large pores (intercellular clefts), has an incomplete basal lamina, and allows free movement of protein, plasma, and other materials/cells to pass through their wall? (formed elements can exit the lumen)

pericytes

spider-shaped contractile stem cells help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability, and play a role in vessel repair

false (this is true of arterioles, but capillaries lack smooth muscle)

T/F: Capillaries have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in their walls.

metarterioles

Short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries

thoroughfare channel

metarteriole that continues through capillary bed to venule

sphincters

When the ________ are relaxed, the capillary bed is well perfused.

contracted

When the sphincters are __________, blood bypasses the capillary bed.

venules

the smallest veins, which are companions with arterioles but have larger lumens than arterioles; consist of endothelium and connective tissue (lack smooth muscle)

small vein

Which vessels have 1-3 layers of smooth muscle but less distinguishable smooth muscle layers, and are lined by endothelium?

medium veins

Which vessels have a thick adventitia layer and a few longitudinal smooth muscle bundles in the tunica adventitia?

large veins

Which vessels may have internal elastic lamina in the tunica intima, has a few layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media, and has a thick tunica adventitia with many densely arranged longitudinal smooth muscle bundles and vasa vasorum?