Lab: Urine Board

What urine pH level is considered high?

pH > 8

What are possible causes of high urine pH?

Anemia, high vegetable or dairy intake

What urine pH level is considered low?

pH < 5

What are possible causes of low urine pH?

High protein diet, cranberry juice, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM)

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

1.010 - 1.026

What does a high specific gravity indicate?

Concentrated urine

What are possible causes of high specific gravity?

Anemia, uncontrolled DM, dehydration

What does a low specific gravity indicate?

Dilute urine

What are possible causes of low specific gravity?

Increased fluid intake, renal damage

What tool measures urine specific gravity by liquid density?

Hydrometer

What tool measures urine specific gravity using light refraction?

Refractometer

What is proteinuria?

Presence of high protein levels in urine

What is a possible cause of proteinuria?

High-protein diet

Is protein normally found in urine?

Very small traces are considered normal

Is glucose in urine normal?

No, glucose in urine is not normal

What conditions can cause glucose in urine?

Diabetes mellitus (DM) or a very large meal

What is the normal color of urine?

Light yellow/amber

What can cause orange urine?

Carrots, antibiotics, jaundice

What can cause green urine?

Asparagus, diuretics, bacterial infection

What can cause red or brown urine?

Beets, laxatives, hemoglobin (Hgb)

What can cause dark wine-colored urine?

Beets, anti-inflammatory drugs, hemolytic jaundice

What factors influence urine color?

Diet, drugs, or disease

What is the normal pH range of urine?

~6-7

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

1.010 - 1.026

Is protein normally present in urine?

Absent

Is glucose normally present in urine?

Absent

What is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

Causes kidneys to release less water

How does ADH affect urine production?

decreases the amount of urine produced

What is the function of aldosterone?

Balances water and salts (keeps Na+, releases K+)

What are the three parts of the renal tubule?

Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

What instrument is used to measure urine specific gravity in Lab Part One?

Hydrometer

What parameters are tested in Lab Part One?

pH, color, glucose, protein

What additional tool is used in Lab Part Two to measure specific gravity?

Refractometer

What must be done with the refractometer before use?

Left side for urine numbers, gently lower cover

What does a green color change indicate in the urine test?

Presence of glucose

What does a yellow color change indicate in the urine test?

Presence of protein

What does a color change in the urine test mean?

Positive result

What does no color change in the urine test mean?

Negative result