Biology- Final Spring Exam 25'

All biology terms

atp

compound used by cells to store and release energy

photosynthesis

process used by plants to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon and water into oxygen

pigment

light- absorbing molecules used by plants to gather sun’s energy

chlorophyll

pigment of plants

thylakoid

saclike photosynthesis membranes found in cholorplasts

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast

NADP+

carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to others

light- dependent reaction

use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

light- independent reaction

DOESN’T require light (Calvin cycle)

photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP reactions

ATP synthase

cluster of proteins that span the thylakoid membrane and allow H+ to pass

clavin cycle

light independence, energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds, sugar

Calorie

amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 gram water by 1 degree C

CR

process releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food in oxygen's presence

aerobic

requires oxygen

anaerobic

NO oxygen required

glycolysis

1st set of reactions in CR molecule is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

krebs cycle

2nd stage of CR acid is broken into carbon of extracting reactions

matrix

innermost compartment of mitochondria

fermentation

process by cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Cell division

process in which cell divides into 2 new daughter cells

asexual reproduction

single parent, offspring that are identical to parent

sexual reproduction

2 parents unite to form 1st cell of new organism

chromosome

structure within nucleus, genetic info from 1 generation to next

chromatin

substance in eukaryotic, DNA coiled around histones

cell cycle

events, cell grows, prepares for division and divided to form 2 daughter cells

interphase

period cell cycle between cell divisions which cell grows

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during the cell nucleus divides

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells

propahse

1st and longest phase of mitosis genetic material inside nucleus condenses and chromosomes become visible

chromatid

1 of 2 identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosomes

centromere

region of chromosomes where the 2 sister chromatids attach

centriole

structure in an animal cell, helps to organize cell division

metaphase

phase of mitosis, chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of cell

anaphase

phase of mitosis , chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of cell

telophase

phase of mitosis, individual chromosomes begin to spread out into tangle of chromatin

growth factor

1 of a group of external regulatory proteins, stimulate growth and division of cells

cyclin

1 of family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

cancer

disorder, which some of body’s cells loose ability to control growth

tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells, can damage surrounding tissue

Genetics

stud of heredity

fertilization

process in sexual reproduction male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cycle

trait

specific characteristic of individual

hybrid

offspring of crosses between parent with different traits

gene

seq. of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait, factor that is passed from parent of offspring

allele

1 of number of different forms of a gene

principle of dominance

mendels 2nd conclusion which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

segregation

seperation of alleles during gamete formation

gamete

sex cell

probability

likelihood that a particular event will occur

homozygous

having 2 identical alleles for a particular gene

heterozygous

having 2 different alleles for particular gene

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

punnett squares

diagram used to predict genotype and phenotype combos of a genetic cross

independent assortment

1 of mendels principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gamets

incomplete dominance

situation in which 1 allele is not completely dominant over another

codominance

sit, in which phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed

multiple alleles

gene has more than 2 alleles

polygenic trait

trait controlled by 2 or more genes

homologous

term to refer to chromosomes which 1 set comes from male and 1 from female parent

diploid

a cell that contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes

haploid

cell contains only a single set of genes

meiosis

process which number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chrom. in a diploid cell

tetrad

structure containing 4 chromatids, form during meiosis

crossing over

process which homologous chrom exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Transformation

process 1 strain of bacteria is changed by gene (s) from another

bacteriophage

kind of virus that infects bacteria

base pairing

principle bonds in DNA form only bew. adenine and thymine and bew. guanine and cytosine

replication

process of copying DNA prior to cell division

dna polymerase

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

telomere

repetitive DNA at end of a eukaryotic chromosomes

rna

single straned nucleic acids that contains the sugar ribose

messenger rna

type of RNA, carries copies of instructions for assembly of amino acids into proteins for DNA to cell

ribosomal rna

combines with proteins from ribosomes

transfer rna

carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

transcription

synthesis of RNA molecule from DNA template

rna polymerase

enzyme links tg that growing chain of RNA nucleotides during trans. using DNA strand as template

promoter

specif region of gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin trans.

intron

seq. DNA that isn’t involved in coding for protein

exton

expressed seq. of DNA, codes for protein

polypeptide

long chain amino acids, makes proteins

genetic code

collection of codon of mRNA, each directs incorporation of particular amino acid into protein synthesis

codon

group of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify to particular amino acid to incorporated onto protein

translation

process, seq. of bases of mRNA converted into seq. amino to proteins

anticodon

group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule are complementary to 3 bases of a codon on mRNA

operon

in prokaryotes group of adj gene that shares common operator and promoter are transcribed into single mRNA

operator

short DNA region adj. to promoter of prokaryotic operon binds repressor protein responsible for controlling the rate of trans. of operon

differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and fuction

homeotic gene

class of regulatory genes deter identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo

homeobox gene

code for trans. factors that activate other genes are important in cell development and differentation

hox gene

group of hometic genes clustered tg determine the head to tail identify to body parts of animals contain homeobox DNA seq

mutation

change in genetic material of cell

point mutation

which single base pair is changed

frameshift mutation

shifts the reading frame of genetic message by inserting and deleting nucleotide

mutagen

chem or phy agents in environment that interacts with DNA and causes mutation

polyploidy

condition which organism has extra set of chromosomes