NJROTC Academic Team NS3 Textbook Quizlet

What major developments since WWII have emphasized the importance of the oceans?

Increase in new nations, increase in interdependence of nations, inland reach of sea power, and nuclear technology

How many nations were in the UN when it was first created?

51

How many nations are represented by the UN today?

>200

*What four main ocean areas are of prime strategic importance to the United States?

Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Afro-Asian

*Who believed that a strong merchant marine is a vital element of sea power?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

What material has the highest import percentage in the United States?

Tin (99% of US tin is imported)

*Littoral nations

Nations with access to the sea

When did the US merchant marine start to decline?

During and after the civil war

Merchant Marine Act of 1936

Created US Maritime Commission and provided for the payment of construction and operating subsidies

What merchant marine ships were mass-produced during WWII?

Liberty and Victory

Shipping Act of 1916

WWI Preparedness bill, creation of the Emergency Fleet

*Jones Act

Enabled the sale of merchant ships to US citizens and required all cargo and passengers conveyed for hire between US ports to be carried in American-owned, -operated, and -crewed ships

What replaced the Maritime Commission in 1950

Maritime Administration (MARAD)

What department was MARAD transferred to in 1981?

Department of Transportation

*Where is the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy located?

Kings Point, New York

How many ports handle passengers or freight in the United States?

~350

What are the five largest shipyards in the United States?

Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia; Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi; National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California; Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia; and Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut

Which US shipyard specializes in building aircraft carriers?

Newport News Shipbuilding

Which US shipyard specializes in offshore drilling rigs and cruise ships?

Ingalls Shipbuilding

What is the primary West Coast commercial shipyard?

National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO)

What US shipyard specializes in overhauling and modernizing naval ships and submarines?

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

What shipyard builds most US Navy submarines?

Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics

Freighters

Ships that carry cargo, goods, or materials

Intermodal ships

Ships that interface seamlessly with modes of inland transportation

What dry cargo container is the standard intermodal container by which container ship capacities are expressed?

Twenty-foot-equivalent unit (TEU)

*Tankers

Ship designed to transport liquids in bulk form

*Ratings

Grades of unlicensed personnel on merchant marine ships

What are the three typical departments on merchant marine ships?

Deck department, engineering department, and catering department

What is the highest ranking member of a ship's crew?

The Master (Captain)

Who is the second command on a ship and the leader of the deck department?

Chief officer or first mate

Sealift

The transportation of supplies and equipment needed to support US military forces in both peace and war

*Military Sealift Command (MSC)

USN organization that controls most of the replenishment and military transport ships of the Navy

What is the designation for a MSC ship?

USNS instead of USS and type designators preceded by the letter T

Combat Logistics Force

MSC ships that regularly engage in underway replenishment operations with the fleet

Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA)

Created by Maritime Security Act of 1996 to prenegotiate contracts between the federal government and the US maritime industry

Roll On Roll Off (Ro-Ro)

Specialized intermodal cargo ships that have large openings designed to accommodate wheeled and tracked vehicles

Q ships

Ships that looked like cargo vessels but carried hidden weapons, used by Germans in both World Wars

*Grand Strategy

The art and science of employing national power to achieve national objectives

*Who wrote the Art of War?

Sun Tzu

*Who was the first Western grand strategist?

Alexander the Great

Who led the Second Punic War?

Hannibal of Carthage v. Scipio Africanus of Rome

*Who wrote The Prince?

Niccolo Machiavelli

*Who wrote On War?

Karl von Clausewitz

*What is the most influential writing on strategy ever published?

Vom Kreige (On War)

Where and when was the US Military Academy established?

West Point, New York in 1802

Where and when was the US Naval Academy established?

Annapolis, Maryland in 1845

Where and when was the Naval War College established?

Newport, Rhode Island in 1884

Who wrote Das Kapital?

Karl Marx

*What are the three classical schools of strategic thought?

Maritime, Continental, and Aerospace

*What influential naval historian believed that sea power was the key to success in international politics?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

*Who published The Influence of Sea Power Upon History?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Who emphasized the strategic importance of geographic landmasses?

Sir Halford J Mackinder

What are the main geographic areas in Continental strategy?

Heartland (Eastern Europe and Russia), Inner or Marginal Crescent (Eurasia), World Island (Afro-Eurasia), and Outer or Insular Crescent (rest of the world)

Who created the Aerospace school of strategic thought?

Alexander de Seversky

Who was America's best-known philosopher, prophet, and advocate for air power in WWII?

Alexander de Seversky

Who published Victory through Air Power and Air Power: Key to Survival

Alexander de Seversky

What is the Area of Decision in the Aerospace school of strategy?

North Eurasia, North America, and the Arctic

What was the first major phase of US grand strategy?

Western hemispheric defense

What was the second phase of US grand strategy?

Limited interventionism

*Containment

Strategy formulated by Truman administration to counter the expansionist communistic ideologies and actions of the USSR and China after WWII

Who proclaimed the threat of massive retaliation by US nuclear arms against the Soviets should they try to invade Western Europe or the Americas?

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in 1954

*Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

Deterring the use of nuclear weapons by assuring the destruction of both sides should nuclear war erupt

Flexible response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Nixon Doctrine

The United States would keep all of its treaty commitments, provide a shield if nuclear power threatened the freedom of an allied or valuable nation, and put most of the primary responsibility for defense on the threatened nations if nuclear power is not involved

Carter Doctrine

The United States would resist with military force, including ground troops, any attempt by a foreign power to gain control of any country in the Persian Gulf region

Reagan Corollary to Carter Doctrine

The United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia in the Iran-Iraq War

Bush Doctrine

The threat to the United States posed by rogue states and terrorists such as Al Qaeda who could be equipped with modern weapons of mass destruction was so severe by its nature that it justified unilateral preemptive attacks against them

Strategic weapons

Intercontinental-range weapons of mass destruction designed to strike and destroy or neutralize the source of an enemy's military, economic, or political power

What fleets are deployed overseas?

Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Fleet

Tactics

The art and science of fighting battles

Smart weapons

Laser-guided bombs, rockets, and programmable cruise missiles

Strategic Nuclear Triad

Navy ballistic missile submarines, Air Force intercontinental ballistic missiles, and long-range strategic bombers

*Logistics

The supply chain by which goods and information are conveyed from their point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet the needs of the operating forces

*C4ISR Acronym

Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence; surveillance, and reconnaissance

Fundamental warfare tasks

Air warfare (AW), Undersea warfare (USW), Surface warfare (SUW), Strike warfare, Amphibious warfare, mine warfare, Information warfare (IW)

Supporting warfare tasks

Special warfare, intelligence, ocean surveillance and reconnaissance, electronic warfare (EW), logistics

*What are the two categories of naval ships?

Combatant and auxiliary

What percentage of operating naval forces are deployed overseas?

30%

What percentage of the fleet was deployed during most of WWII?

85%

*What factors are considered when evaluating a threat?

Capabilities, intentions, and vulnerabilities

General war

armed conflict between major powers in which the total resources of the belligerents are employed, and the national survival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy

*Limited war

Armed conflict in which one or more major powers or their proxies voluntarily restrict their actions in order to prevent escalation to general war

Proxy war

A form of limited war in which a major power avoids direct military involvement in a conflict with another by having satellite states engage the other major power or its allies in its stead

Irregular warfare (also called asymmetric or unconventional warfare)

War involving opposing forces greatly unequal in conventional military resources wherein the lesser opponent seeks to overcome this disadvantage by the use of unconventional weapons or tactics to exploit the vulnerabilities of the stronger

Which ship was built from scraps of the World Trade Center?

USS New York

What naval operations concepts were outlined in Sea Power 21?

Sea Strike, Sea Shield, Sea Basing

Who is part of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?

Chairman, vice chairman, chief of staff of the army, chief of naval operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, commandant of the marine corps, and the chief of the national guard bureau

Strike

A form of power projection meant to damage, seize, or destroy a targeted objective

Sweep

A series of strikes against several enemy targets in a general area

Raid

A sudden destructive attack against a limited target, area, or facility, with no intention of holding the targeted objective

*Yellow Jersey Personnel

Aircraft handlers and directors, catapult and arresting gear officers

*Green jersey personnel

Catapult and arresting gear maintenance personnel, air wing maintenance personnel, troubleshooters, enlisted helicopter landing signalmen

*Blue jersey personnel

Assistant plane handlers, elevator operators, tractor drivers

*Purple jersey personnel

Aviation fuel personnel

*Red jersey personnel

Ordnance handlers, explosive ordnance disposal personnel, crash and salvage crewmen

*Brown jersey personnel

Plane captains, air wing leading petty officers (LPOs)

*White jersey personnel

Safety observers, air wing landing signal officers (LSOs)

What three developments established anti submarine warfare (ASW) in WWI?

Convoy system, hydrophone, depth charge

*What does sonar stand for?

sound navigation and ranging

What is used by helicopters to locate submarines?

Dipping sonar