BI101

What does the Atomic # mean

# of protons

What is atomic mass

# of protons and neutrons in an atom

what is the max capacity of electrons in each shell

1st shell: 2, 2nd shell: 8, 3rd shell: 8

covalent bond

Shares electrons between atoms to form molecules. Strongest bond

Ionic Bonds

Atoms donate electrons to one another. Strong but separable

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between slightly different charges. Weakest Bond

Big 4 elements in human body

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Carbohydrates

1:2:1 ratio, primary fuel source, and energy storage

Lipids

Fats, long-term energy storage and insulation

Proteins

made of amino acids, structural support and protection

Nucleic Acids

DNA/RNA, 4 bases

Function of Plasma Membrane

Holds contents in place, Acts as barrier

G1 (GAP 1)

primary growth phase

S Phase ( DNA SYNTHESIS)

Chromosome duplication via DNA replication

G2 (GAP 2)

2nd growth phase prepping for cell division

Mitosis (M PHASE)

Nuclear division within duplicated chromosomes

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides creating daughter cells

GO Phase

Resting phase

Cellular respiration

Cells converting oxygen and sugar into energy (ATP)

Homozygous

bb/BB

Heterozygous

Bb

If you cross a homozygous black rabbit to a homozygous white rabbit and all the resulting progeny are an intermediate grey color, what is the most likely relationship between the alleles for black and white fur color?

Incomplete Dominance

Asexual reproduction _____.

produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

Experiments have demonstrated that the units specifying amino acids (codons) are

three-nucleotide sequences

Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells?

in the cytoplasm

the structures in order of size from smallest to largest?

nucleotide-codon-gene-chromosome

pathogen

disease-causing microorganism.

immune system 3 parts

physical barriers, non-specific immunity, and specific immunity.

Physical Barriers

Skin, Mucous, first defense

Non-specific Immunity

Responds to all pathogens in the same way

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

Recognizes specific pathogens and forms a memory of each

White blood cell defenders

NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS

NEUTROPHILS

Ingest small organisms, primarily bacteria, kills themself in the process

MACROPHAGES

ngest whole pathogens as well as large debris such as dead cells

DENDRITIC CELLS

Present ingested pathogens to cells of the specific immune system

Natural killer (NK) cells

Cytokines and Interferons

Lymphocytes

The white blood cells responsible for the specific immunity response.

Antigen receptors

enable a particular lymphocyte to bind to just one type of antigen.

Reposnse to infection

RECOGNITION, CLONAL SELECTION, EFFECTOR CELLS ATTACK, MEMORY CELLS REMEMBER,

Helper T cells

Stimulate other immune cells instead of killing cells directly

Cytotoxic T cells

First responders that directly kill cell infected with pathogens

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Composed of cells interspersed throughout a matrix, Provides structure and support

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Composed of cells that cover and line most surfaces of animal bodies, Forms the skin and the lining of the lungs

MUSCLE TISSUE

Composed of cells that can contract • Generates movement,

NERVOUS TISSUE

Composed of specialized cells that send and receive electrical signals• Stores and transmits information

homeostasis

The ability to self regulate

Osmoregulation:

The regulation of water content