Kingdom Animalia

What do we see first in Porifera

Multicellularity

What are the 3 classes of sponge

Calcarea

Hexactinellida

Demospongiae

What are calcarea made of

made up of spicules made of calcium carbonate

What are hexactinellida made of

Made of spicules made of silica

What are demospongiae made of

Skeletons made of spicules and spongin

where do sponges inhabit

Marine (ocean)

Found in all levels

What do sponges eat and what type of feeder are they

Filter feeder

They eat marine plankton

What are marine plankton

Marine Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Algae, Protists

Why are sponges primitive

They have no organs or systems

How do sponges eat

Water flows into the ostium and into the spongocoel.

The choanocyte uses flagella to catch and trap marine plankton (nutrients) and it is digested by the amoebacyte.

Excess water is released through osculum

Why are sponges hard to kill off as a species

Can survive freezing temperatures

Can survive by only eating bacteria

During unfavourable conditions, sponges can create gemmules

What do we see first in Phylum cnidaria

Tissues

Why are tissues important

Allows for presence of organ development

Specialized structures

What system and structure do cnidaria have

Nervous system (nerve net)

Specialized structure called Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC)

What are the 2 classes of cnidaria

Class scyphozoa

Class Anthozoa

What is an example of Scyphozoa

Jellyfish

What are examples of Anthozoa

Sea Anemones and Corals

What are the organ systems and what do they do

Respiratory- How oxygen enters and CO2 leaves

Digestive- Digests food and absorbs nutrients

Circulatory- Circulates nutrients and gases

Excretory- Expels wastes

Nervous- allows organism to sense environment

What type of nervous system does cnidara have

nerve net made of neurons that process sensory information spreads all over the body (non centralized) acts as a simple nervous system

Why do Cnidara need a nervous system

They all have mobile stages which needs to sense environment to find food

What is the gastrovascular cavity and what does it do

A specialized structure that does the job of digestive system, circulatory system and excretory system without specialized organs

What is gas exchange and how do cnidaria do it

Oxygen enters and CO2 exits

Cnidaria do it though simple diffusion

What is simple diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration without a protein

What do corals do that are important

Protects coastlines from waves and storms

Provides habitats and shelter for marine organisms

Provide nitrogen and other nutrients for marine ecosystems

What is coral bleaching

When coral is under stress, it expels the algae that gives them color and food source

It then can no longer build their calcium carbonate skeleton

What are the algaes that give corals color and food through photosynthesis

Zooxanthelle

What do we see first in Phylum Platyhelminthes

Bilateral symmetry

What are 2 classes of platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria

Class Cestoda

What is an example of Tubellaria

Flatworms

What is an example of Cestoda

Tapeworms

What is bilateral symmetry

organism can be divided into 2 halves that are mirror images through a single plane of symmetry

Why is bilateral symmetry important

Allows for presence of a head and a centralized nervous system

What is the presence of head called

Cephalization

What are new features on Platyhelminthes

Head and ganglia

What is ganglia

A primitive brain

What are the symmetries and their corresponding Phylums

Porifera- No symmetry

Cnidaria- Radial symmetry

Platyhelminthes- Bilateral symmetry

What do we see for the first time in Phylum Nemotoda

First time we see body cavity and a complete digestive tract

What does body cavity allow for

Allows space for development of more complex organ systems

What is a complete digestive tract

Separate mouth and Anus

What are the new features of Nemotoda

Pseudocoelum and Anus

What do Nemotodas do that are beneficial

Helps plant grow (returns nutrients back to soil)

Tells us about soil healthy- More nemotoda= better soil

Natural pesticides- Some eat bugs that hurts plants

Can nemotoda be harmful

Yes, some can destroy plants

What is coelomate

True body cavity

What are the types of coelomates

Acoelomate- No body cavity

Pesudocoelomate- False body cavity

Coelomats- True body cavity

What do we see for the first time in Phylum Annelida

True body cavity (Coelum)

What are the classes of Annelida

Class oligochaeta

Class Hirudenea

What is coelum and what is its function?

The main body cavity in most complex animals

surrounds digestive tract and other organs

Circulates nutrients around the body and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

What is an example of oligochaeta

Earthworms

What is an example of Hirudenea

What is in the structure of an earthworm

Setae

Segments

What is setae and its function

Tiny hairs on the sides of the earthworm

allows worms to grab onto dirt as it moves

What is segments

Lines separate worm into rings

How do annelida breathe

They do not have a respiratory system

Breathes through cutaneous respiration

What is cutaneous respiration

Form of respiration in which gas exchange by moving across the skin

What are leeches

Segmented paradises that such blood from other animals

How do leeches suck blood

At the end of leeches body are sucked used to attach to surfaces

After attaching to the host, leeches secrete and anesthetic to numb the pain receptors

What are leeches used for in medicine

Releases anti-coagulant which stops blood from clotting

Medical grade leeches are used to remove blood clots

What do we see for the first time in Phylum Arthropoda

Jointed appendages

What are the main key traits/synapamorphies of arthropods

Compound eye and jointed bodies

What are the 3 classes

Crustacea

Insecta

Arachnida

What is the general structure of an Arthropod

Segmented body

Exoskeleton

Compound eyes

Antennae

what is the exoskeleton and its function

Hard shell made of chitin

Protects organ

Wavy cuticles reduces water loss

What are compound eyes

Eyes made of repeating units of ommatidia (Visual receptors)

What are pros and cons compound eyes

Poor vision (can only see motion and form)

Reduction in blind spots and ability to see far away

How do you tell apart the Arthropoda classes

Differentiated by # of antennae and body regions

What are antennae used for

Detecting food, movement, sound and chemicals

What are the antennae of all 3 classes

Arachnida- None

Insecta- 1 pair

Crustacea- 2 pairs

What are the body segments like on all 3 classes

Arachnida- Cephalothorax, abdomen

Insecta- Head, thorax, abdomen

Crustacea- Cephalothorax, abdomen

What is the cephalothorax

Head and thorax fused together

What is the cephalothorax covered by

covered by carapace

What is a carapace

Hard shell that protects sensitive regions like eyes, mouth, and other sensory organs

What are the respiratory structures like on all 3 classes

Crustacea- Gills

Arachnida- Book lungs

Insecta- Tracheal tubes

What are examples of defense mechanisms of all 3 classes

Boxer crabs (Crustacea)- Wears sea anemone on claws to fight

Scorpions (arachnida)- Use venom to kill or paralyze

Flies (Insecta)- Very fast reaction rates

What do we see for the first time in echinodermata

First time we see deuterostome development

What’s are the classes in Echinodermata

Asteroidea

Echinoidea

Holothuroidea

What is an example of Asteriodea

Sea stars (starfish)

What is an example of echinoidea

Sea urchins

What is an example of Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers

What is the importance of deuterostome development

Humans and other vertebrates also have it, so we are more closely related to those in this class than other invertebrates

What is deuterostome development

Blastospore develops into anus (in other invertebrates, it develops into mouth)

Anus develops before mouth

What is the general structure of an echinodermata

Radial symmetry (sometimes pentaradial)

Aboral side- Anus

Oral side- Mouth

What and how do sea stars eat

Eats bihalves (clams and oysters)

Extends their stomach out of the mouth to digest food

How does Echinodermata achieve function of the systems they don’t have and what systems don’t they have

Does not have Circulatory, Excretory, respiratory systems

Depends on water vascular system and simple diffusion

What is nervous system of Echinodermata and what does it do

Central nerve ring and radial nerve (no brain)

coordinates movement of tubed feet

What are the environmental roles of echinodermata classes

Sea stars eat algae which benefits coral

Sea urchins are eaten by otters which helps kelp forest

Sea cucumbers are filter sediments which benefits water quality

What are the defense mechanism of Sea stars

Detach an arm as sacrifice (can regrow)

What are the defense mechanisms of sea urchins

Detach pedicellaria heads (jaws that shoot and attack targets)

What are the defense mechanism of sea cucumber

Push out internal organs as a sacrifice to escape (can regrow)

What do we see for the first time in Phylum Cordata

First time we see notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post anal tail

What do Cordata include

BOTH Vertebrate and Invertebrate

What are the 3 subphylums

Subphylum Cephalocordata

Subphylum Tunicata

Subphylum Vertebrata

Which phylum are invertebrate

Both Tunicata and Cephalochordates

What do all chordates have at some stage in life cycle

Notochord

Dorsal Nerve cord

Pharyngeal Slits

Post-Anal tail

what is a notochord

Rigid rod shaped structure found in the embryos of all chordates

What do notochord develop into in vertebrates

Develops into spine (protects spinal cord)

What is the dorsal nerve cord

Tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord

What do dorsal nerve cord develop into in vertebrates

Develops into central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord)

What does spinal cord do

Carries incoming and outgoing messages between brain and the rest of the body

What are pharyngeal slits

Openings in the pharynx (part of throat)

What do pharyngeal slits develop into in vertebrates and aquatic creatures

Develops into the jaw and inner ear in vertebrates

Develops into gills in aquatic creatures