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_____ doses of X-rays produce 10-20 times more SSB than DSB.
Low
Low doses of X-rays produce ___-___ times more SSB than DSB.
10-20
Low doses of X-rays produce 10-20 times more _____ than _____.
SSB: DSB
Amount of SSB has been shown to increase __________ with dose.
Linearly
DSB varies __________-____________ with radiation dose.
Linearly-Quadratically
Exposure of biological tissues to ionising radiation immediately leads to ______________ and ____________ of their constituent atoms.
Ionisation; Excitation
The molecules where these atoms reside then tend to fall apart,resulting in so-called ______ ________.
Free Radicals
Is the most prevalent molecule within the cell so most of the free radicals are produced by the radiolysis of ________.
Water
These free-radical processes are usually complete within a ______________ under physiological conditions.
Millisecond
There is one cellular component which is almost unique:
DNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is a very long double-helix molecule consisting of a repeated sequence of bases, and every chromosome has approximately ______ ___________bases.
200 million
The DNA is repaired; the cell then re-enters the cell cycle and continues to ____________.
Proliferate
If the DNA cannot be repaired, the cell enters ____________.
Apoptosis
At _______ radiation doses, the molecules utilized by the DNArepair mechanisms are damaged, so repair is not possible, the cell loses its ability to divide, and it subsequently dies.
High
Cells may die by different mechanisms (2):
1. Mitotic Death
2. Apoptosis
Death while attempting to divide.
Mitotic Death
Breaks induced by DNA may remain unrepaired or re-join incorrectly to form abnormal configurations known as ____________ __________.
Chromosomal Aberrations
They are of two types of chromosomal aberrations:
1. Structural Aberrations
2. Numerical Aberrations
These occur due to a loss of genetic material, or a rearrangement in the location of the genetic material.
Structural Aberrations
The number of chromosomes shows a change from normal diploid state.
Numerical Aberrations
7 examples of Structural Aberrations:
1. Translocation
2. Deletion
3. Inversion
4. Isochromosome
5. Derivative Chromosome
6. Insertion
7. Ring Chromosome
Loss of chromosomal segment.
Deletion
Repeat a segment.
Duplication
Reverses a segment.
Inversion
Move segment from one chromosome to another.
Translocation
3 Examples of Numerical Aberrations:
1. Small-scale gains (Trisomy)
2. Small-scale loses (Monosomy)
3. Large-scale gains (Polyploid- Extra set)
Is the most prevalent molecule within the cell.
Water
Consists of nucleus condensing and has blebs.
Formation of Blebbing
Partition of cytoplasm and nucleusinto...
Apoptotic Body
Consists of Nucleus
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Phagocyte pathogen envelops.
Lysozyme
Digestion of the pathogen.
Phagosome
The pathogen breaks down into proteins & other molecules.
MHC or Major Histocompatibility Complex
Adaptive (specific) immunity.
Antigen-presenting cell