Rad bio Lecture 2 midterms

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35 Terms

1
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_____ doses of X-rays produce 10-20 times more SSB than DSB.

Low

2
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Low doses of X-rays produce ___-___ times more SSB than DSB.

10-20

3
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Low doses of X-rays produce 10-20 times more _____ than _____.

SSB: DSB

4
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Amount of SSB has been shown to increase __________ with dose.

Linearly

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DSB varies __________-____________ with radiation dose.

Linearly-Quadratically

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Exposure of biological tissues to ionising radiation immediately leads to ______________ and ____________ of their constituent atoms.

Ionisation; Excitation

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The molecules where these atoms reside then tend to fall apart,resulting in so-called ______ ________.

Free Radicals

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Is the most prevalent molecule within the cell so most of the free radicals are produced by the radiolysis of ________.

Water

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These free-radical processes are usually complete within a ______________ under physiological conditions.

Millisecond

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There is one cellular component which is almost unique:

DNA

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What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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DNA is a very long double-helix molecule consisting of a repeated sequence of bases, and every chromosome has approximately ______ ___________bases.

200 million

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The DNA is repaired; the cell then re-enters the cell cycle and continues to ____________.

Proliferate

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If the DNA cannot be repaired, the cell enters ____________.

Apoptosis

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At _______ radiation doses, the molecules utilized by the DNArepair mechanisms are damaged, so repair is not possible, the cell loses its ability to divide, and it subsequently dies.

High

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Cells may die by different mechanisms (2):

1. Mitotic Death

2. Apoptosis

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Death while attempting to divide.

Mitotic Death

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Breaks induced by DNA may remain unrepaired or re-join incorrectly to form abnormal configurations known as ____________ __________.

Chromosomal Aberrations

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They are of two types of chromosomal aberrations:

1. Structural Aberrations


2. Numerical Aberrations

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These occur due to a loss of genetic material, or a rearrangement in the location of the genetic material.

Structural Aberrations

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The number of chromosomes shows a change from normal diploid state.

Numerical Aberrations

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7 examples of Structural Aberrations:

1. Translocation

2. Deletion

3. Inversion

4. Isochromosome

5. Derivative Chromosome

6. Insertion

7. Ring Chromosome

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Loss of chromosomal segment.

Deletion

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Repeat a segment.

Duplication

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Reverses a segment.

Inversion

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Move segment from one chromosome to another.

Translocation

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3 Examples of Numerical Aberrations:

1. Small-scale gains (Trisomy)


2. Small-scale loses (Monosomy)


3. Large-scale gains (Polyploid- Extra set)

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Is the most prevalent molecule within the cell.

Water

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Consists of nucleus condensing and has blebs.

Formation of Blebbing

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Partition of cytoplasm and nucleusinto...

Apoptotic Body

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Consists of Nucleus

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

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Phagocyte pathogen envelops.

Lysozyme

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Digestion of the pathogen.

Phagosome

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The pathogen breaks down into proteins & other molecules.

MHC or Major Histocompatibility Complex

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Adaptive (specific) immunity.

Antigen-presenting cell