APUSH Native American History Review

Flashcards reviewing key concepts and events regarding Native Americans in United States History.

What is the Bering Land Bridge and when was it relevant?

A land bridge that facilitated migration from Asia to the Americas around 25,000 BCE.

Describe the division of labor between men and women in native societies.

Men primarily hunted, while women tended to children, crops, and legal matters.

What were the key characteristics of the Iroquois League?

A five/six nation confederacy located in the Eastern Woodlands.

Name two causes of the decimation of native populations after European contact.

Technologically advanced weapons and European diseases like smallpox.

What was the Encomienda system?

A system where the Spanish crown provided land and natives to work it.

How did the French interact with natives in Quebec/Canada?

They were less invasive in conversion and formed alliances for mutual benefit, eventually dominating the fur trade.

What was the significance of the marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas?

It temporarily relieved tensions between Jamestown colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy.

What was the major outcome of the Pequot War?

The Puritans nearly wiped out the Pequot tribe in a drive for expansion.

What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?

Western farmers and fur traders attacked natives, leading to conflict between western and eastern colonists.

What was the cause of King Philip's War?

Metacomet/King Philip launched attacks in retaliation for English incursions.

How did the Pueblo Revolt impact Spanish colonization?

Pueblo natives drove the Spanish out of New Mexico for 50 years due to religious persecution.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

Benjamin Franklin's plan to unite colonists for defense against the French and natives, ultimately rejected.

Who was Pontiac and what was the goal of his rebellion?

Pontiac of the Ottawa launched a rebellion in the Ohio Valley to resist English expansion after the French and Indian war.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A British decree prohibiting colonial development west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent further native incursions.

What impact did the Treaty of Paris (1783) have on Native Americans?

Land claims were made between the U.S. and Britain without any native representation.

What was the Northwest Ordinance?

It claimed land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, leading to wars with the Miami Confederacy.

Describe Washington's view on Native Americans.

He believed natives to be individual equals, but their society lagged behind; he preferred they adopt American culture.

What was the purpose of the Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790s)?

To enforce treaties and trade relations and to establish civilization programs.

What was the Civilization Fund Act of 1819?

Federal subsidies for reform groups designed to "civilize" native groups.

Who was Tecumseh, and what was his goal?

A Native American leader who allied with Britain to prevent further American expansion.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

Andrew Jackson and the U.S. army defeated the Creek tribe, establishing American control in Alabama and Georgia.

Name the "Five Civilized Tribes."

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw.

What was the purpose of the Office of Indian Affairs/Bureau of Indian Affairs?

To enforce treaties and civilization programs under the Department of War (later Interior).

What did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 entail?

The removal of natives and resettlement into Indian Territory/Oklahoma.

What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

Established tribal sovereignty within the state of Georgia, subject to federal law.

What was involved in the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of thousands of natives from the Five Civilized Tribes from Georgia to Oklahoma.

With which side did most natives align during the Civil War, and why?

Most natives sided with the Union, believing they would be given sympathy and opportunities after the war.

What was the impact of the Homestead Act of 1862 and related acts on native populations?

Led to massive expansion and settlement in native lands, resulting in numerous conflicts.

What did the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 do?

Ended additional official recognition of tribal sovereignty and nationality and treaties.

What was the Ghost Dance Movement?

A spiritual movement among Native Americans intended to drive out Americans.

What was the cause of the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)?

U.S. army opened fire on 300 Sioux, including elderly, women, and children.

What was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?

Authorized the President to survey native land to break up tribal lands for individual land grants.

What was the goal of native boarding schools like the Carlisle Indian Industrial School?

To assimilate natives through total immersion into American culture.

What did the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 accomplish?

Officially granted citizenship to natives.

What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

Reversed land privatization under the Dawes Act and returned to tribal land claims; preserved native cultures.

How did natives contribute during World War II?

Native citizens were drafted, and the Navajo code was used for communication against the Japanese.

What was the goal of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1973?

To promote native unity and end discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes.

What did the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 accomplish?

Increased sovereignty over tribal lands and ended termination policies.