Respiratory System

What is 1?

nasal cavity

What is 2?

larynx

What is 3?

diaphragm

What is 4?

left lung

What is 5?

trachea

What is 6?

pharynx

What is 7?

right lung

What is 8?

oral cavity

What is 9?

larynx

What is 10?

oropharynx

What is 11?

esophagus

What is 12?

nasal cavity

What is 13?

oral cavity

What is 14?

nasopharynx

What is 15?

laryngopharynx

What is the unlabeled one?

trachea

What is 1?

alveolar pore

What is 2?

type I alveolar cell

What is 3?

type II alveolar cell

What is 4?

capillary endothelium

What is 5?

alveoli

What is 6?

capillary

What is 7?

macrophage

What is 8?

alveolar epithelium

What is 9?

respiratory membrane

What is 10?

terminal bronchiole

What is 11?

alveoli

What is 12?

alveolar duct

What is 13?

respiratory bronchiole

What is 14?

alveolar sac

What is the major function of the respiratory system?

gas exchange (supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide)

What are the four processes that make up respiration?

ventilation

transportation of respiratory gases

external and internal respiration

What is ventilation?

moving air in and out of the lungs

Where does oxygen diffuse during external respiration?

lungs to blood

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse during external respiration?

blood to lungs

Where does oxygen diffuse during internal respiration?

blood to tissues

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse during internal respiration?

tissues to blood

During transportation of respiratory gases where does oxygen start and then go?

lungs to tissues/cells

During transportation of respiratory gases where does carbon dioxide start and then go?

tissues/cells to lungs

What epithelium is alveoli I?

squamous epithelium

What is the function of alveoli I?

form alveolar walls

Is alveoli I or alveoli II more abundant?

alveoli I

What epithelium is alveoli II?

cuboidal epithelium

What is the function of alveoli II?

secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

What does surfactant do?

prevents alveoli from sticking together and collapsing

What do alveolar macrophages do?

immune surveillance of inhaled pathogens

What characteristics of the respiratory membrane allows for gas exchange?

thin and large surface areas

• allows for rapid gas exchange

barrier

• ensure that concentration gradient stays consistent for simple diffusion to occur

How does pressure and volume change during inspiration and what does the diaphragm and ribcage do?

• diaphragm contracts

• rib cage expands

• V goes up

• P goes down

• Patm is higher than P in lungs so air goes down concentration gradient into the lungs

How does pressure and volume change during inspiration and what does the diaphragm and ribcage do?

• diaphragm relaxes

• rib cage condenses

• V goes down

• P goes up

• Patm is lower than P in lungs so air travels down the concentration gradient out of the lungs

IC =

IRV+TV

FRC =

ERV+RV

VC =

IC+FVC

IRV+TV+ERV

TLC =

IRV+TV+ERV+RV

How does pressure gradients drive gas exchange in the body?

• Gas exchange occurs because of simple diffusion

• Pressure gradients are important because for simple diffusion to occur, the substance travels high to low pressure gradients

• Pressure gradients for oxygen needs to be higher in the tissue than the blood in order for oxygen to get to the tissue

How is ventilation and perfusion related?

they must be the same for efficient gas exchange in the lungs

What is ventilation in terms of gas exchange?

amount of gas reaching the alveoli

What is perfusion?

amount of blood circulating pulmonary capillaries

How is O2 transported?

carried on Hb of erythrocyte

How is CO2 transported?

• dissolved in plasma

• carried Hb

• transported as bicarbonate ions

What is the importance of CO2 maintaining blood pH?

low level of CO2 maintain a low concentration of H+ ions in the blood. This allows for the blood to remain slightly basic

Where are the chemoreceptors involved in neural regulation breathing?

carotid and aorta arch

Where are the mechanoreceptors involved in neural regulation breathing?

• muscles and joints

• stretch receptors in lungs

• irritant receptors in lungs

How do muscles and joints signal lack of CO2 in the body?

pain signals not enough oxygen

How does neural regulation of breathing occur?

• receptors sense CO2 levels either increasing or decreasing

• that sensory information is sent to the medulla oblongata and pons

How do stretch receptors in the lungs signal neural regulation of breathing?

too much stretch leads to more expiration to avoid the lungs from overinflating

How do irritant receptors in the lungs signal neural regulation of breathing?

signals the lungs to exhale more to get rid of particulets

How does ventilation change due to an increase of CO2 or a decrease in O2?

increase the rate of breathing (air flowing in)