Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

These flashcards cover key concepts, terms, and definitions related to inductive and deductive reasoning and their argument forms.

Inductive Reasoning

A type of reasoning that starts from specific premises and forms a general conclusion.

Deductive Reasoning

A type of reasoning that uses general premises to form a specific conclusion, where conclusions cannot be incorrect if premises are true.

Validity

A deductive argument is valid if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

Soundness

A deductive argument is sound if it is both valid and all its premises are true.

Modus Ponens

An argument form that states if P is true, then Q is true. If P is confirmed, then Q must also be confirmed.

Modus Tollens

An argument form that states if P implies Q, and Q is false, then P must also be false.

Hypothetical Syllogism

An argument form that states if P implies Q and Q implies R, then P implies R.

Disjunctive Syllogism

An argument form that starts with either P or Q is true, negates one, and concludes the other must be true.

Dilemma

An argument form that presents two options, leading to two possible conclusions, with either one resulting in a given outcome.

Reductio ad Absurdum

A form of argument that establishes a claim by showing that the opposite leads to a contradiction or absurdity.