Unit 5 APBIO

2n

diploid

n

haploid

Diploid is

an organism that has a complete set of chromosomes in every cell

Haploid is

a single set of chromosomes

Stomatic cells are

body cells(diploid)

Gamate cells are

sperm/egg cells(haploid)

Homologous chromosomes are

pairs of chromosomes that have the same kind of gene but not the exact same

What is crossing over

genetic variation makes uniqueness of genes

What is a sporophyte

diploid phase, produces haploid spores through meiosis

What is a gametophyte

haploid phase, produce male+female sex cells via mitosis

what are introns

crossing over may happen here

what is a chismata

after crossing over the homologs begin to pull away except at the crossing over points called _____

What is meiotic interphase

involves G1 and G2 only

What is an allele

different forms of genes that code for one trait

what is a phenotype

what is expected

What is a genotype

the genetic make up

What is F1

all possibilities for first generation

What is P1

parental generation

What is F2

second generation

Why genes are recessive

may turn off, incorrect function, non functioning protein doesnt work which makes it recessive

What is the law of segergation

homologus chromosomes separate each allele for a trait separates into a gamete

What is a dihybrid

two different things, ex) seed color and seed shape

What is the Law of independent assortment

each pair of alleles segregated into gametes independently

What is the rules of multiplucation

AND rule

What is the rule of addition

OR rule

What is codominance

both traits shown

What is incomplete dominance

bled together

What is a chi-square

sum of possibilities

What are degrees of freedom

n-1=DOF number of possibilities

Steps in Chi-Square

state null hypothesis, record observed values, calculate expected values, calculate x2, compare critical value, state conclusion

AB is dominant over what other blood type

O

What is a null hypothesis

no difference between the expected and observed

What is an alternative hypothesis

significant difference between expected and observed

What is pleiotropy

one gene affects more than one phenotype

What is epistasis

one gene masks another gene

What is drosophila breeding

prolific breeding

What is sex-linked

on x or y, usually x-linked

What is sex-limited

only affects one gender, ex) uterine cancer

What is sex-influenced

hormones impact genes on autosomes phenotype impacted by sex chromosomes

What is the SRY

sex-determined region, turns of genes for production of male hormones

Where do males get their X from

their moms

What is Y-linked

trait passed from father to son

What is x inactivation

during embriotic division, one becomes condensed and doesn’t function, becomes a barr body

What is linkage

genes that stick together, don’t independently assort

What is recombination

new combo of traits that are not the same as parental types

What is a nondisjunction

something that alters chromosomes #’s

What is an aneuploidy

(2n+1) or (2n-1)

What is a polyploidy

more than two complete sets

What are the different types of alterations of chromosomes

Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

Is translocation homologus or nonhomologus

nonhomologus