Cal History Quiz 3

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• one of oldest and most revolutionary railroads in US

• first common carrier railroad

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

• increased flow of people traveling great distances

• transported larger amounts of goods, mail, and supplies faster

• speed for military coverage and protection

Railroads connected American Progress

(Father of Pacific Railroad) advocated a railroad from Lake Michigan to Puget Sound

Asa Whitney

___met with Grenvile Doge in 1859 as a railroad lawyer hoping for the best route for a Pacific railroad to the west

Lincoln; #1 supporter of Trans-US Railroads

• more residential housing = leveling sand dunes in _____ bay

• wanted to connect to Gold Mines → Sacramento Railroad

San Francisco

the engineer who discovered the route over the Sierra Nevada and founded the Central Pacific Railroad

• very ambitious dreamer; wasn’t realistic; topographical engineer

Theodore Judah (crazy Judah)

• used as a springboard towards making the transcontinental railroad

• completed in 1856 through aid of San Francisco capital

Sacramento valley railroad

Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker

• Members of new Republican party; supported Lincoln

The Big Four

1. the Republicans pledged to stop the spread of slavery'

2. build the transcontinental railroad

3. to establish daily mail services

4. In Lincoln’s mind, the railroad was part of Civil War efforts

Lincoln was determined for railroads

Lincoln encouraged Pacific Railroad Act and homestead act 1862

they didn’t have enough money from capital of RRs

Building a Railroad steps

build a railroad → sell land around railroad → buy more supplies: for geopolitics

• Union Pacific despite not being near Pacific

• ceded alternate sections of land; swindled money (corrupt)

Pacific Railroad Act 1862

• land grant ownership in a checkerboard pattern

• gave land to RR so they could make money for supplies

• Railroad given all odd-numbered sections

government retained

• critics skeptical of Donner Pass; hampered private financing

• shortages of money, workers, underestimated costs

The Central Pacific Besieged

3 miles of tunnels through granite; $13 mil to finish

Donner Pass

Lincoln signed Pacific Railroad Act →

empowered central pacific to build from California to east; chartered union pacific rr

Judah went to Washington and got; congressional delegation; The Pacific Railroad Act 1862

• 10 square miles per mile of track in alternate sections

• subsides backed by 30-year government bonds at 6% interest

• $16,000 per mi flat lands, $32,000 per mi flat lands, $48,000 per mi mountains

• companies could sell bonds (land) build 40 miles before loads

Charles Crocker

• silent partner of big four; took Judah’s place

Credit Mobilier

recieved money without even starting the railroads; hoarded money but eventually got in trouble

_____ was the true leader of the big four; played dirty

Huntington

Building Transcontinental RR

• at first money was scarce and construction was slow

• by 1865 financial situation stabilized; surveyors and engineers ranged ahead of track end; refine Judah’s survey

Tunnel Construction; Cape Horn

• dangerous; no big machinery to break through mountains so done manually

• most tunnels drilled from inside out in two different directions

• black powder explosives mostly used

Majority of central pacific workforce was ___

Chinese- 7-12,000 worked; 80% of workers; proved excellent and skilled workers

• chinese were punctual, willing, well-behaved, reflection of their spiritual beliefs; healthier habits; less pay

celestial (Croger)

_____alongside traintracks telegraph lines were beng built

telegraph lines

• significant california history; both sides to fulfill manifest destiny'

• lincoln started line at omaha on missouri river

• everything needed had to be bought from east at war prices

the union pacific railroad

leder of union pacific; fraudulent person

thomas c. durant

attacked and scalped by cheyenne indians; retrieved scalp and walked to omaha

william thompson

• called the octopus; based on mussel slough tragedy; bloody conflict with ranchers -law agents defending southern pacific railroad

the big four

san francisco → southern california → Arizona → New Mexico → El Paso, Texas → New Orleans *second transcontinental railroad*

original charter of southern pacific

• southern pacific delayed getting patents to land grants; pamphlets promised settlers land at low prices

• railroad had illicit influence over federal judges; typified the southern pacific’s land-grant policies

• railroads contestants are portrayed as simple, innocent, impoverished frontier yeomen settlers

The battle at Mussel Slough: fundamental ideas

the retribution comet

cartoon depicting a comet with a skull striking stanford and huntington robbing victims graves

McQuiddy

former KKK; drilled farmers like confederates for farmer union

The Southern Pacific’s empire held a monopoly over freight in SF and Oakland; to challenge the empire, _____ ran a nickel ferry

John Davie

The free Harbor Fight

• huntington wanted SP line to use santa monica pier as departure point, blocking breakwater construction in san pedro

• LA Chamber of commerce fought back in a political war

A lot of attraction of going from east to west was…

• no slave owners mid-west

• equality

• new community

citris was the ___ big boom after the gold rush / agriculture

second

who planted the first citris seeds

Father Junipero Serra in 1769

What beaver hunter planted lemons and oranges in Downtown LA starting the citrus business

William Wolfskill

What couple received naval orange cuttings from Brazel in Riverside

Eliza and Luther Tibbets

what did the citrus experiment station become in 1906

University of California, Riverside (UCR)

key figure in bringing immigrants to Riverside; Roosevelt replanted “parent tree” in front of mission inn

John W. North

Growers and advertisers symbolically connected…

the gold miner, oranges, and fortune in California

Valenica variety was around since spanish ocupation; ___ were more common in beginning; Washington Navel made through grafting

Navels

first navel orange trees were imported into the US by _______ of Dep. of Agriculture from Brazil

William Saunders

transcontinental railroad = growers supplied farmers = socal was producing ___ of nations oranges

2/3

orange pickers

california fruit growers exchange and souther pacific railroad advertised pro-cali propaganda

urbanization replaced a lot of orchards so farmers migrated…

to central valleys

Luther Burbank

main starter of “cross-breeding” agriculture" Rose parade celebrates his sharings of developments

factory owners = furnishing merchant

farmers were always undercut for prices by merchants; transportation to railroads

co-ops

farmers that set floor prices where no worker could / would accept bad prices

Hugh Glen

Missouri dentist who went to socal for gold rush; mined and began growing wheat; had 55,000 acres states largest wheat grower since globally produced; prices went down → grow more

_____steam-powered “combined-harvests” were pulled by 36 horses

Machinery and operators gargantuan

big promoter of defending california’s natural resources against unrestrained development

John Muir

Owen Rivers Aqueduct

• 4x water; owens valley river project; population growth → more water → LA runs low

• water held in canal; central valley farmers opened floodgates and redirected to personal bases (Insergents)

• LA bought their land for water rights so farmers attacked with dynamite; LAPD sent to watch 24 hrs a day

hydraulicers were moving land for gold and flooding farms; silt/sand destroyed soil

anti-debris association outlawed dumping but only had 5% commission before congress federally stepped in

which city lead with closed shops and which led with open?

• San Fran lead with closed shops union chose workers and enforced / controlled hiring

• LA was leading in open shops opposed negatively on unions

Organized labor was seen as “hags, harlots, and pollutants” and anarchy / skunks

I.W.W

Industrial Workers of the World- organized strikes cooling labor (Immigration mainly chinese workers) hated by factory owners / farmers

• One Big Union political aim; referred to as Harvest Wobbles

The ____ were the reason so many Chinese immigrated; destroyed quantity confiscated from Brit → Brit sent gunboats to attack China coast → china defeated and 1850 senses

The Opium War

Chinese Immigrants sought company of fellow countrymen; creating large communities, first made in San Fran

Enclaves (Chinatowns)

The WASP; Cali Governor argued chinese “coolie laborers”…

hurt white workers; chinese became scapegoats for lack of white opportunities

ethnic enclaves →

Animosity

gun battles in chinatown

rounded up chinese men → openly lynched them; those involved served no jailtime

Tried society in California

“tongs”; other chinese buisness men focused on pooling resources and relied on family organizations; chinese six companies

unassimiable

Chinese were viewed as this; not wanting / unable to assimilate to western standards

Naturalization Act of 1870- Anti Chinese immigration

federal government passed; first act aimed directed against a specific race; later chinese exlusion act of 1882 restricting immigration to U.S.

Sex ratio Chinese man to white woman

1860- 19:1, 1890- 27:1

progressive era

better federal response to social economic problems corruption