S7 Bio 4 7.1.1 ATP Synthesis

based on the 7.1.1 presentation For the EB

nucleotide structure

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, at least 1 phosphate group

ATP meaning

adenosine triphosphate

how is ATP regenerated?

by the addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)​

phosphorylation definition

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule

Where does the energy to phosphorylate come from?

catabolic reactions in the cell

What 3 main types of work does the cell do?

Chemical, transport, mechanical

energy coupling definition

using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one​

What is mediated by ATP in most cells?

most energy coupling

Example of ATP chemical work

building a large molecule

Example of ATP transport work

pumping solutes across a membrane

Example of ATP mechanical work

moving a muscle protein

where ATP is synthesized

mitochondria and chloroplasts

in which transmembrane enzymes ATP synthesis takes place

ATP synthase

where ATP synthase is found (mitochondria)

inner membrane

where ATP synthase is found (chloroplasts)

membrane of thylakoids

Thylakoids description

membranous sacs stacked to form a granum​

What is the stroma?

the internal fluid​

mitochondria: inner membrane is folded into _____

cristae

mitochondria: two compartments of inner membrane

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

What group of organelles are chloroplasts a part of?

Primary plastids

Where are chloroplasts found?

In leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

What do chloroplasts contain?

chlorophyll (the green pigment), enzymes, other molecules that function in photosynthesis

Two chloroplast structures

thylakoids and stroma

chemiosmosis definition

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

What does synthesis of ATP require? (2 things)

Compartmentalization of an electrochemical gradient in a membrane space, electron transport chain that pumps H+ across a membrane generating a electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

What does an electron transport chain consist of?

a series of redox reactions

Difference of concentration of H+ (better phrase)

electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions

What energy transfer happens in ATP synthesis

Mechanical energy into chemical energy

photosynthesis definition (simple)

The biochemical process by which plants and some bacteria capture light energy and use it to produce chemical bonds.

Balanced photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 12H20 + light → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

2 stages of photosynthesis

light dependent and light independent

Light dependent stage parts

ATP and NADPH2 synthesis

Light independent stage parts

Fixation of CO2 into carbohydrates using the energy in ATP and NADPH2

direct product of photosynthesis

glucose

fatty acids + glycerol =

lipids

nitrate + phosphate =

nucleotides, nucleid acids

NADP stands for

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

What is this molecule

NADP

NAD+ is a …

electron shuttle

NADH is a …

reducing agent

FAD+ stands for

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

What is the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis?

the Calvin cycle

Steps of light reactions (4 steps)

Split H20, release O2, reduce NADP+ to NADPH, synthesize ATP

Where do the light reactions take place?

thylakoids

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma

What does the Calvin cycle do?

Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

carbon fixation

What is carbon fixation?

incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules

What energy transformation happens in light reactions and by who?

thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

what does a photosystem consist of?

a reaction-center surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

what is a reaction-center complex?

A type of protein complex

what do light-harvesting complexes do?

transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

what are light-harvesting complexes?

pigment molecules bound to proteins

Light dependent stage steps (in more detail) (till PSI)

Photon excites chlorophyll - P680 - primary electron accepor (PSII) - Pq - Cytochrome complex - Pc - PSI

Pq meaning

Plastoquinone

Pc meaning

Plastocyanin (protein)

Light dependent stage steps (in more detail) (from PSI)

PSI - P700 - Primary electron acceptor (PSI) - Fd- NADP+ reductase - Calvin cycle

photophosphorylation

the formation of ATP using light energy in photosynthesis

Where does the oxygen given off in photosynthesis come from?

water

What does the Calvin cycle do with its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle?

It regenerates them

In what form does carbon enter the Calvin cycle?

CO2

In what form does carbon leave the Calvin cycle?

PGAL

G3P definition

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

How many times does the cycle have to take place to get 1 G3P?

3

3 phases of the Calvin cycle?

Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of the O2 acceptor

What is carbon fixation catalyzed by (enzyme)

RuBisCo

Sequence of energy flow in cellular respiration

glucose - NADH - electron transport chain - proton-motive force - ATP

How much % of energy in glucose is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration?

34%

How many ATP are made from 1 glucose?

36-38 ATP

How much ATP is made each from both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

2 ATP

How much ATP is made from oxidative phosphorylation?

32-34 ATP

What is another name for the H+ gradient in mitochondria?

Proton-motive force