Calculus 2 Final (power series, taylor/maclaurin series, polar coordinates

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11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

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34 Terms

1
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What is the MacLaurin series for 1/(1-x) and what x does it converge for?

Σn=0 ∞ (x^n) for |x|<1

2
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What is the MacLaurin series for e^x and what x does it converge for?

Σn=0 ∞ (x^n/n!) for all x

3
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What is the MacLaurin series for sinx and what x does it converge for?

Σn=0 ∞ [(-1)^n * x^(2n+1)/(2n+1)!] for all x

4
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What is the MacLaurin series for cosx and what x does it converge for?

Σn=0 ∞ [(-1)^n * x^(2n)/(2n)!] for all x

5
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What is the MacLaurin series for arctanx and what x does it converge for?

Σn=0 ∞ [(-1)^n * x^(2n+1)/(2n+1)] for -1<=x<=1

6
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What is the MacLaurin series for ln(1+x) and what x does it converge for?

Σn=1 ∞ [(-1)^(n-1) * (x^n)/n] for -1<x<=1

7
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What is the form of a power series and its radius of convergence R?

Σ Cn (x-a)^n for |x-a| < R where Cn is a coefficient

8
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What is Cn if f has a power series representation at a (f(x) = Σ Cn (x-a)^n)?

Cn = f(n)(a)/n!

9
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What is the form of a Taylor series and its radius of convergence R?

Σn=0∞ f(n)(a)/n! * (x-a)^n for |x-a| < R

10
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What is the form of a MacLaurin series?

Σn=0∞ f(n)(0)/n! * (x)^n or a Taylor series where a=0

11
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Describe how to represent a function f(x) as a geometric power series

  1. rewrite f(x) in the form 1/(1-x); may have to factor, derive, or integrate to do so

  2. rewrite 1/(1-x) as Σn=0∞ x^n

12
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What are the only 3 convergence outcomes of a power series?

  1. Converges at x=a

  2. Converges for all x

  3. Converges for |x-a| < R and diverges for |x-a| > R

13
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What is the radius of convergence R if a power series converges at only one point (x=a)?

R = 0

14
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What is the radius of convergence R if a power series converges for all x?

R = infinity

15
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What is the radius of convergence R if a power series converges for a finite interval of x?

Can find R in the form |x-a| < R or |x-a| > R

16
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What is the interval of convergence I if a power series converges at only one point (x=a)?

I = {a}

17
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What is the interval of convergence I if a power series converges for all x?

I = (-infinity, infinity)

18
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What is the interval of convergence I if a power series converges for a finite interval of x?

a+R, a-R

* must plug x = a+R and x = a - R into the series to determine if it converges at those points

19
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Describe how to find a Cartesian equation in the form y=f(x) given the parametric equations x=f(t) and y=g(t)

eliminate the parameter t through algebraic manipulation

strategies include:

  • solving for t in one equation and plugging it into the other

  • using trig identities such as sin²t + cos²t = 1

  • taking the ln of an equation containing e^t

20
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What is the formula for dy/dx given the parametric equations x=f(t) and y=g(t)?

dy/dx = (dy/dt)/(dx/dt)

21
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What is the formula for arc length on a<=t<=b given the parametric equations x=f(t) and y=g(t)?

L = ab √[(dy/dt)²+{dx/dt)²] dt

22
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What is the formula for arc length on a<=x<=b given the equation y=f(x)?

L = ∫ab √[1+(dy/dx)²] dt

23
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What is the formula for arc length on a<=x<=b given the equation x=g(y)?

L = ∫ab √[1+(dx/dy)²] dt

24
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Name the formulas for converting polar coordinates (r, θ) to Cartesian coordinates (x, y)

x = rcos(θ)

y = rsin(θ)

25
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Name the formulas for converting Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, θ)

r²=x²+y² or r=sqrt(x²+y²)

tanθ = y/x or θ = arctan(y/x)

26
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what is the area of the region under a polar curve?

A = ∫ab ½ r² dθ where a<=θ<=b

27
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what is the area of the region inside the polar curve r1 and outside the polar curve r2?

A = ∫ab ½ (r1²-r2)² dθ where a<=θ<=b

28
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what is the length of a polar curve?

L = ∫ab √[r² + (dr/dθ)²] dθ where a<=θ<=b

29
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how do you find the values of θ where there is a horizontal tangent given r=f(θ)?

plug r into y=rsinθ or simply use dy/dθ = dr/dθ * sinθ + rcosθ

find the values of θ in the domain that satisfy dy/dθ = 0 and dx/dθ ≠ 0

30
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how do you find the values of θ where there is a vertical tangent given r=f(θ)?

plug r into x=rcosθ or simply use dx/dθ = dr/dθ * cosθ - rsinθ

find the values of θ in the domain that satisfy dx/dθ = 0 and dy/dθ ≠ 0

31
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how do you know if there is a vertical or horizontal tangent at values of θ where dx/dθ and dy/dθ both = 0?

evaluate limθ→the value (dy/dx)

if it goes to 0, there’s a horizontal tangent

if it goes to infinity, there’s a vertical tangent

32
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how do you find dy/dx given r=f(θ)?

dy/dx = (dy/dθ)/(dx/dθ)

or

dy/dx = (dr/dθ * sinθ + rcosθ)/(dr/dθ * cosθ - rsinθ)

33
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what is dy/dθ given r=f(θ)?

dy/dθ = dr/dθ * sinθ + rcosθ

34
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what is dx/dθ given r=f(θ)?

dx/dθ = dr/dθ * cosθ - rsinθ