biology dna mutations rna

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3 things that dna does

stores genetic info, makes copies of itself, and be read to make proteins

what type of macromolecule is dna

nucleic acid

building blocks of dna

nucleotides

3 things that make up nucleotides

a sugar, phophate, and nitrogen phase

what is the role of the sugar and phosphate

backbone structure to support nitrogen bases

role of nitrogen bases

genetic code, dna ladder steps, store genetic info

when does dna replication occur

s phase

what does dna has 2 anti parallel strands mean

2 strands of dna that run in opposite directions

what does dna replication is a type of semi conservative replication mean

half old strand half new strand

what are enzymes

proteins that speed up reactions

what does helicase do in dna replication

unzips dna molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases

what does dna polymerase do in dna replication

builds new strands and proof reads each new dna strand if theres a mistake

how does dna polymerase know where to start adding bases

primer

in which direction does dna polymerase make new strands

5’ to 3’ direction

what does primase do

tells the dna where to start adding bases by placing rna primers

what are okazaki fragments

short fragments of dna made on lagging strands

which enzyme joins okazaki frags during dna replication

ligase

what are the overall steps of the process

unzip, tells where to start, read and build, seals backbone

3 differences between dna and rna

rna has sugar ribose and dna has deoxyribose, rna is single stranded dna is double, rna contains uracil and dna contains thymine

what is the base pairing rules for dna

A goes with T and C goes with G

base pairing rules for rna

A pairs with U and C pairs with G

what is mrna

carries instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins & carries info from dna to other parts of the cell

what is rRNA

form an essential part of ribosomes to help build amino acid chains

what is trna

carries amino acids to ribosome and matches them to the coded mrna message

what is transcription

rewrite genetic info from dna to rna in nucleus

how is transcription started

rna polymerase finds a promoter region in the dna strand and begins transcription

how is pre mrna edited to become mrna

take out introns and keep exons

whats the difference between introns and exons

introns are portions of rna that are cut off and exons are important info in the making

what is a codon

sequence of dna or rna that codes for a specific amino acid

what is a anti codon

complimentary to a specific codon on mrna, ensures the right amino acid is used

how can you tell if 2 species are related

in dna sequences, similarities in genetic code

what is translation

turning rna into protein, occurs in ribosome

what are mutations

changes in nucleotides base sequence

what are point substitution

a single base is substituted for another

what are frameshift mutations

a base is added or deleted

missense mutation

changes the amino acid into a difference amino acid

nonsense mutation

causes a stop codon

silent mutation

mutation does not change amino acid

what causes frameshift mutation

will change nearly every amino acid after the mutation, these proteins rarely function