Pr 2- 1st Prelim

Is a broader, more general process of asking questions and seeking information to understand something.

Inqury

More formal and systematic process of investigation

Research

collects non-numerical data to understand or explain concepts or phenomenon.

Qualitative

Focuses on analysis of numerical data and form conclusions from samples drawn from the population.

Quantitative

1.It contains measurable variables

2.It uses standardized research instruments such as tests, scales, and surveys.

3.It generalizes conclusions from sample drawn from a population

4.It presents data in tabular, graphical, or figure form

5.It uses statistics to anaylze data

6.it is objective and logical

7.it followes the scientic method

Characteristics of Quantitative Research:

Focuses on variables that can be measured numerically

1. It contains measurable variables

Involves the use of standardized instruments, those have been proven to be realible and valid

2. It uses standardized research instrument such as tests, scales,and surveys

It associated with hypothesis testing can and statistics.

3. It generalizes conclusions from sample drawn form a population

Graphical respresentations to better understand the content of a research today.

4. It presents data in tabular, graphical, or figure form

The statistical computations aid the researchesr to interpret and drawn conclusion accurately.

5. It uses statistics to analyze data

•Tally and Frequency Table

•Grouped frequency table

•Displaying Data

Disseminating information from survey

Simple way to recording the result of a survey.

Tally and frequency table

The groups are chosen so that no data item can appear in two groups

Grouped frequency table

•Pictogram

•Bargraph or Bar diagram

•Barline Graph

•Pie Chart

Four types of displaying data:

Use pictures to reprsent the frequency.

Pictogram

Most common way of displaying data

Bargraph or bar diagram

Lines are drawn to represent the frequencies. The heigh of each line indicates the frequency.

BarlineGraph

Divided slices, which are fractions of the circle. The size of each slice represents the frequency, as a fraction of the total number of students.

Pie Chart

•Descriptive Research

•Correlational Research

•Causal-Comparative Research

•Experimental Research

•Quasi-Experimental Research

Kinds of research accroding to purpose:

Aims to describe the characteristics of a population, event, or phenomenon. It answers “What is” questions.

Descriptive Research

Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.

Correlational Research(Comparing and Describe)

Seeks to determine the cause or reason for existing differences between groups. The independent variable is not manipulated because it has already occured. Also known as ‘ex post facto’

Causal-Comparative Research (Comparing)

Involves the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effects relationships. It uses controlled environments and random assignments.

Experimental Research

Investigates cause-and-effects relationshipss like true experimental research but lacks of random assignments or participants ro groups.

Quasi-Experimental Research

•Quantitative

•Qualitative

Kinds of research according to the type of data used:

Refers to systematic investigation of phenomena conducted by gathering quantifiable data and performing, statistical, Mathematical, or computational analysis.

Quantitative Research

Uses non-numerical data gathered from first hand observation, interviews, questionnaire case students and data gathering devices

Qualitative Research

measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary for different cases.

Variables

•collecting

•organizing

•presenting

•analyzing

•Interpreting data

Basic serve of Quantitative Data:

•Extraneous

•Independent

•Dependent

•Intervening

•Antecedent

•Measuring

•Nominal

•Ordinal

•Interval

•Ratio

Variables:

•Independent Variables

•Dependent Variables

•Extraneous Variables

•Intervening Variables

•Antecedent Variables

•Measuring Variables

6 Types of Operational Variables:

variables that cause changes in a phenomenon or situation.

Independent Variables

these are the effects brought by the independent variables.

Dependent Variables

are factors not being studied in a research project but that could affect the results if not controlled.

Extraneous Variables

Are the links between dependent and independent variables.

Intervening Variables

variables that come before both the independent and dependent variables and may influence or cause them.

Antecedent Variables

can be classified according to the data they contain:

•Categorical (Qualitative)

•Numerical (Quantitative)

Measuring Variables

•Nominal

•Ordinal

Categorical (Qualitative)

•Interval

•Ratio

Numerical (Quantitative)

are those that may be classified into categories or may be placed in rank orders.

A variable that puts data into groups or categories.

Categorical Variables

Enable the classification of individuals, objects, or responses based on a common property or characteristic.

Data that is named or labeled but has no order.

Nominal Variables

Have all the characteristics of a nominal variable but ranked in a certain order.

Data that can be ordered or ranked, but the differences between them are not equal.

Ordinal Variables

are those that have numerical values or measures.

A variable that uses numbers to measure something.

Numerical Variables

Are based on a fixed starting point or a “true zero point” (Kumar 1996; Babbie 2010)

Data with equal intervals and a true zero, so you can compare and do all math operations.

Ratio Variables

Describe a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes
Data with equal spaces between values, but no true zero.

Interval Variables

If you can count or measure it

numerical

If you can name or label it

categorical

name only

Nominal

order matters

Ordinal

order + equal gaps (no true zero)

Interval

order + equal gaps + true zero

Ratio

•Classifying

•Measuring

•Explaining

•Assessing relationships

Uses of Variables in Quantitative Research

•The most important element that defines the research problem.

•It is usually read first and the most read part of the research.

•It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the purpose of your research paper. It can be revised any and many times as the research develops and reach its final phase.

•It becomes final on its final defense before the panel of judges.

Research Title

Quantitative:

Involves numerical data data can be counted, measured, and quantified.

Nature of Data

Quantitative:

Aims to quantify the problem by generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.

Purpose

Quantitative:

Uses structured tools such as surveys, experiments, and questionnaires that produce numerical data.

Data Collection Method

Quantitative:

Produces concrete, numerical results that can be generalized to a larger population. The outcome is often presented in graphs, charts, and tables.

Outcome

1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)

2. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)

3. The population like the respondents’ interviewees. (“Who”?)

4. The time period of the study during which the data are to be collected.(“When”?)

(Elements) A part of a research title has the following information:

1. Interest in the subject matter

2. Availability of Information
3. Timeliness and Relevance of the Topic

4. Limitations on the subject

5. Personal Resources

Rules in Choosing Research Topic:

Interest in a subject drives you to research, investigate, or inquire about it with full motivation, enthusiasm, and energy.

1. Interest in the subject matter

Information will serve as evidence to support your claims about your subject matter from varied forms of literature like books, journals, and newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel of any research work. What to include in the investigation of the available materials?

a. Update and authority of the materials.

b. Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or old?

c. Expert or qualification of the writers of reading materials about your topic

Availability of Information

How relevant is the topic?

It yields results that are useful in society

Related to the present. (Except for pure or historical research)

Timeliness and Relevance of the Topic

Connect your choice with course requirements. You need to decide on one topic to finish your course.

Limitations on the subject

Do an assessment on your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule to enable you to complete your research. You have to raise an amount of money needed to spend on questionnaire printing and interview trips.

Personal Resources

1. Controversial Topics

2. Highly Technical Subjects

3. Hard-to-Investigate Subjects

4. Too Broad Subjects
5. Too Narrow Subjects

6. Vague Subjects

Research Topics to be Avoided:

It depends more on the writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts cannot support this topic

Controversial Topics

Not advisable for beginners as these topics require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and skills.

Highly Technical Subjects

Happens if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are not up-to-date.

Hard-to-Investigate Subjects

Narrow down or limit the subject to eliminate the problem

Too Broad Subjects

Subjects that are so limited where an extensive searching is necessary.

Too Narrow Subjects

Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., as in “Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino” or “Several People’s Comments on the RH Law,” are vague enough to decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity.

Vague Subjects

A. Mass media communication – press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, digital media, billboards, etc.

B. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications

C. Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc.

D. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest, Women’s Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.

E. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects

F. Work experience – clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on-the-job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.

Sources of the research topic

1. Designate a group leader and set clear expectations for each member.

2. Be honest with your abilities.

3. Set deadlines for the various tasks, and stick to them.

4. Meet regularly, and check the work of each other.

5. Give each member due respect.

Working Collaboratively as a Group:

Decide among your peers who can be the best person to lead your group. Do NOT volunteer others when choosing your leader.

Designate a group leader and set clear expectations for each member.

As a group member, be honest about the tasks you can do best, and volunteer for the work related to it.

Be honest with your abilities.

It is important to keep track of the tasks that you have to accomplish in order to finish your research on time.

Set deadlines for the various tasks, and stick to them.

Make sure that you and your groupmates always communicate with one another to give updates on how each one is going along in his/her specific task.

Meet regularly, and check the work of each other.

In order for your group to succeed, it is important that you give due respect to each other. Support what each member can do.

Give each member due respect.