Comprehensive Guide to Intelligence, Cognitive Disorders, and Developmental Theories

General Intelligence

can be quantified by summarizing scores on a diverse mix of measures (memory, vocabulary, and reasoning)

Seattle Longitudinal Study

first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence

Fluid Intelligence

makes learning of all sorts quick and thorough (short-term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking)

Crystalized Intelligence

accumulation of facts (increases with age); examples are how extensive someone's vocabulary is, how many history facts they can name

Analytic Intelligence

foster academic proficiency making learning, remembering, and thinking possible (mainly used in like schools and stuff because that is how the education system is)

Creative Intelligence

unexpected, imaginative, and unusual rather than standard and conventional (person would be a good entrepreneur)

Practical Intelligence

understanding the skills needed to meet whatever challenges appear (life smart)

Selective Optimization with Compensation Expert

Ecological validity: cognition should be measured in settings that are realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life

Neurocognitive disorder

any number of brain diseases that affect a person's ability to remember, analyze, plan, or interact with other people

Mild cognitive impairment

worsened by stress; a person is somewhat more confused and forgetful than they were, but still able to function well at home and work

Alzheimer's disease

most common cause of major NCD; gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain

Plaques

clumps of protein (beta-amyloid) in tissues surround neurons

Tangles

tau proteins that are twisted in the neuron of the brain

Vascular disease

loss of intellectual function caused by repeated infarcts, obstructions of blood vessels which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain

Frontotemporal NCS

deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes that may be that cause of 15% of all major cognitive disorders; occur before age 70

Parkinson's Disease

progressive disease that start with muscle tremor and then sometimes a major neurocognitive disorder; reduced dopamine production in the brain

Lewy body disease

increase of lewy body cells in the brain; hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling and fainting

Polypharmacy

elderly people are prescribed several medications; side effects and interactions can lead to dementia symptoms

Self-actualization

Final stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, described by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding.

Adolescent Egocentrism

Adolescents think intensely about themselves and exclude others' points of view.

Rumination

Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression; thinking a lot about self-focused concerns.

Imaginary Audience

At the center of the stage with all eyes on you; people are watching and taking notes of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior which can make teenagers self-conscious.

Personal Fable

The belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique and either more wonderful or more awful than everyone else's.

Invincibility Fable

The belief that they are untouchable or harmed; can't become a statistic of teen pregnancy, won't become a drug addict, won't die from driving at a high speed.

Formal Operational Thought

Fourth stage of Piaget's development theory; more systematic and logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts.

Hypothetical Thought

Reasoning about if-then propositions; possibilities may not reflect reality.

Deductive Reasoning

Starting with a general conclusion, thought, or idea, and then finding evidence and explanations to support the thought.

Inductive Reasoning

Bottom up reasoning; starting with facts and then coming to a conclusion.

Dual Processing

Two networks exist in the brain (emotional processing and analytical reasoning).

Intuitive Thought

Begins with a heuristic (belief, assumption, or general rule) rather than logic.

Analytic Thought

Comes from analysis (pros and cons, risk and consequences, possibilities and facts).

Cyberbullying

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by social media posts.

Sexting

Sending sexual content over the phone.

Secondary Education

Grades 7-12.

Middle School

A school for children in the grades between elementary school and high school.

Entity Theory of Intelligence

An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate; a fixed quantity present at birth.

Incremental Theory of Intelligence

Intelligence can be directly increased by effort; anyone can master anything as long as they put their mind to it.

High-Stakes Test

An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure.