Chapter 2 Review: Psychological Disorders and Genetics

What is the Multidimensional-Integrative Approach in psychology?

It encompasses biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, sociocultural, and developmental/psychodynamic factors.

What role do cognitive and emotional factors play in psychological disorders?

They involve expectancies, attitudes, and self-talk.

What sociocultural factors influence psychological disorders?

Environment and conformity pressures.

What does the Principle of Equifinality state?

The etiology of psychological disorders involves complex interactions of various physical and psychological factors, leading to multiple pathways for the same symptoms.

What is Polygenic Predispositioning?

It refers to the influence of multiple genes on the predisposition to psychological disorders.

What do twin concordance rates indicate in genetic research?

They compare the similarity of traits between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.

What is the significance of adoption studies in understanding genetic influences?

They help assess the impact of genetics versus environment by studying children raised apart from their biological parents.

What is the heritability range for cognitive abilities?

32% to 62%.

What is the heritability range for personality traits?

30% to 50%.

What is the heritability estimate for mental illness?

Less than 50%.

What are the heritability estimates for sexual orientation?

28% to 65%.

What is the heritability estimate for body weight?

Approximately 77%.

What is the heritability estimate for eye color?

90% to 99%.

What is the heritability estimate for fingerprints?

96% to 99%.

What is the heritability estimate for Huntington's chorea?

100%.

What does the Diathesis-Stress Model explain?

It describes how inherited predispositions (diatheses) interact with stressors to influence the development of psychological disorders.

What role does gene expression play in mental illness?

Gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors, which may neutralize genetic risks.

What neurotransmitters are commonly involved in mental illness pathophysiology?

Serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, and dopamine.

What is the effect of agonistic drugs on neurotransmission?

They facilitate transmission.

What is the effect of antagonistic drugs on neurotransmission?

They disrupt transmission.

What psychological disorders are associated with serotonin insufficiency?

Depression and focused anxiety.

What psychological disorder is associated with norepinephrine receptor supersensitivity?

Mania.

What structural brain abnormalities can predispose psychological disorders?

Cortical and subcortical abnormalities affecting sensory, motor, emotional, and motivational areas.

How does the case formulation approach analyze psychological issues?

It considers biological, analytic, learning, cognitive, social, and humanistic factors.

What psychological disorder has a genetic predisposition estimate of 40-60% when both parents are affected?

Schizophrenia.

What is the general population prevalence of schizophrenia?

1%.