sleep (9)

behaviour, hypothalamus

sleep is considered a __________, motivated by a strong urge and is regulated by the __________

lying

you can tell what stage of sleep a person is in based on how they are __________

muscle paralysis

you have to be lying down during REM sleep due to __________

EEG

used to monitor brain activity during sleep

electro-oculogram

used to monitor eye movements during sleep

electromyogram

used to monitor facial muscle activity during sleep

delta waves

synchronized electrical messages appear as __________ in EEG data

13-30, low

beta waves have a frequency of __________ Hz and a __________ amplitude

beta

brain waves that occur when one is awake and alert/attentive and during REM sleep

8-12, low

alpha waves have a frequency of __________ Hz and a __________ amplitude

alpha

brain waves that occur when one is awake and relaxed

3.5-7.5, medium

theta waves have a frequency of __________ Hz and a __________ amplitude

theta

brain waves that are present during stage 1, stage 2, and REM sleep

>3.5, high

delta waves have a frequency of __________ Hz and a __________ amplitude

delta

brain waves that are present during stage 3 sleep

theta and beta

2 types of waves present during REM sleep

higher IQ

greater frequency of sleep spindles in a typical night’s sleep is associated with __________

memory consolidation

sleep spindles are important for __________

1-1.5 mins

K complex occurs every __________

K complex

activated by external stimuli during sleep to dampen the stimulus and keep us asleep

transition, 10 mins

stage 1 of sleep is a __________ stage that lasts about __________

hypnic jerks

quick muscle contractions experienced during stage 1 sleep

hypnagogic hallucinations

vivid dream-like experiences that occur during stage 1 sleep

mammals

only __________ experience REM sleep

15 mins

stage 2 sleep lasts about __________

synchronized, 1 hour, groggy

stage 3 sleep involves highly __________ brain wave activity; it lasts about __________ and people are often __________ when wakened from this stage

slow wave, mental stimulation

the duration of the __________ sleep stage varies between people based on amount of recent __________

desynchronized

REM sleep begins with an abrupt change as EEG data becomes __________

motor neurons, cranial nerves, eye movement, breathing, swallowing

REM sleep involves inhibition of __________ and __________, except those allowing for __________, __________, and __________

easily, meaningful

during REM sleep, one is __________ awakened by __________ stimuli

90 mins, 20-30 min

each sleep cycle is approximately __________ long, containing a __________ period of REM

first half, prioritized over REM

most slow wave sleep occurs during the __________ of the night as it is __________

low, organization/planning

there is __________ activity in the prefrontal cortex during REM, reflecting the lack of __________ that occurs in dreams

frontal lobe

people with damage to the __________ exhibit a lack of sequencing ability that appears similar to the state of the brain during dreaming

high, visual hallucinations

there is __________ activity in the extrastriate cortex during REM, reflecting __________ that occur during dreaming

low, visual input

there is __________ activity in the striate cortex during REM, due to a lack of __________

occipital

during REM/dreaming, there is low activity in the __________ lobe

blood flow

there is generally less __________ to the brain during slow wave sleep compared to when awake

25%

metabolism is down by __________ during slow wave sleep as the brain recovers from metabolic activity

dreamlike imagery

despite lack of dreams, slow wave sleep often features __________

visual, auditory

slow wave sleep includes localized increases of cerebral blood flow in __________ and __________ cortexes

thalamus

during slow wave sleep, reduced oxygen to the __________ likely explains the lack of response to most external stimuli

slow wave sleep

oxygen flow to the cerebellum is reduced during __________

attention, vigilance

sleep deprivation disrupts several cognitive functions, especially those involved in __________ and __________

1 week

extensive sleep deprivation, around __________, can be fatal in rats

weight gain, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, depression, decreased immune function, increased pain, risk of accidents

adverse health effects of sleep deprivation (9)

metabolism, metabolism byproducts, DNA

the brain needs a break from __________ in order to break down __________ that can cause damage to the brain and to __________ if left to build up

cognitive activity

slow wave sleep is necessary as recovery from __________

metabolically active

areas of the brain most __________ during the day show the most delta waves at night

growth, development

REM is important for __________ and __________, rather than recovery

REM rebound

process by which deficiency in REM sleep is made up later

infancy, childhood, brain development

the highest proportion of REM sleep occurs during __________ and __________, in the most active phase of __________

slow wave

type of sleep associated with explicit/declarative learning

REM

type of sleep associated with implicit/non-declarative learning

episodic, semantic

2 subdivisions of explicit/declarative memory

semantic

memory subdivision including knowledge and concepts

procedural, emotional

2 subdivisions of implicit/non-declarative memory

facial discrimination

example of a non-declarative discrimination task

went into REM

mednick et al nap studies: those who __________ during the 90 min nap performed better on a non-declarative discrimination task

performance on the task declined

mednick et al nap studies: what happened to participants who did not take a nap?

motor, rehearsed, paralyzed

REM is important for consolidating __________ pathways; these pathways and behaviours can be __________ because the body is __________

homeostatic sleep regulation

sleep theory regarding the maintenance of optimal levels of certain related chemicals

chemical theory

theory that a sleep promoting substance is accumulated during wakefulness and is destroyed during sleep

adenosine

neuromodulator that is built up during wakefulness and promotes sleep

glycogen, neurons needs energy, adenosine

astrocytes store glucose in the form of __________; this is broken down when __________ and __________ is a byproduct

genetic, adenosine is metabolized

duration of slow wave sleep is affected by __________ factors, including how quickly __________

enzyme

metabolic rates for different chemicals are dependent on natural __________ levels

inhibitory

adenosine receptors are __________

competitive antagonist, blocks

caffeine is a __________ to adenosine and __________ adenosine receptors

AcH, NE, 5-HT, histamine, orexin

5 NTs that are important in wakefulness and arousal

arousal, waking, REM

AcH is important for __________ during __________ and __________

dorsal pons, basal forebrain, cortex, hippocampus

AcH pathways from the __________ and __________ lead to arousal in the __________ and __________

slow wave, desynchronous

AcH takes you out of __________ sleep, leading to a __________ EEG

nucleus basalis

produces AcH and causes desynchrony

arousal, vigilance

NE is important for __________ and __________

locus coeruleus, dorsal pons

NE is produced in the __________, which is located in the __________

cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, hippocampus

brain areas that the locus coeruleus projects to (5)

awake, all sleep

NE causes increased brain activity only when __________ and is suppressed during __________

awakening

activation of the locus coeruleus causes __________

behaviour

5-HT is important for activating __________

raphe nuclei, pons

5-HT is produced in the __________, located in the __________ area

awake, sleep, spike, REM ends

5-HT is only present when __________ and is suppressed during __________; however there is a __________ that occurs immediately after __________

rebound, the neurons are no longer inhibited

the 5-HT spike is a __________ effect; suppression of 5-HT circuits leads to a burst of 5-HT release when __________ after REM

wakefulness, arousal

histamine is important for __________ and __________

tuberomammillary nucleus, hypothalamus

histaminergic neurons are located in the __________ of the __________

cortex, arousal

histaminergic neurons directly project to the __________ and increase __________

AcH release, pons, basal forebrain

histaminergic neurons indirectly increase __________ by stimulating neurons in the _________ and __________

awake, sleep

histamine levels are high when __________ and suppressed during __________

peptide, food intake, increases appetite

orexin is a __________, independently discovered for its role in __________, which is that it __________

hypocretin

alternate name for orexin

hypothalamus

orexin is secreted from the __________

7000

approximate number of orexinergic neurons

control wakefulness

orexinergic neurons project to and excite most brain areas that __________

AcH, on

orexin is needed to keep __________ pathways activated; maintaining the “__________” state of the wakefulness pathways

narcolepsy

result of degeneration of orexinergic neurons

locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, tuberomammillary nucleus, pons, basal forebrain

brain areas that orexinergic neurons project to (5)

awake, sleep

orexin levels are only high when __________ and are low during __________

pons, basal forebrain, medial septum

3 brain areas that produce AcH

homeostatic, allostatic, circadian

3 types of factors that affect neural control of sleep/waking transitions

homeostatic, adenosine, allostasis

control of sleep is __________, via __________, however this can be overridden by __________