Chest anatomy and positioning (halfway done)

3 Sections of chest anatomy

1.Bony thorax

2.Respiratory system

3.Mediastinum

Bony thorax

Provides protective framework for parts of the chest

involved with breathing and blood circulation

Thoracic viscera

Consists of lungs, and remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum.

Parts of the bony thorax

Sternum

Clavicles - 2

scapulae - 2

ribs - 12 pairs

thoracic vertebrae - 12

Vertebra prominens

Level T1 of body. it is the C7 spinous process near where people have neck hump.

Jugular notch

Level T2/T3. Top of the sternum the suprasternal notch. The little divot where your two clavicles meet medially at the top of the sternum.

Sternal angle

level T4/T5. Roughly 2-3 fingers width away from jugular notch where the angle of the sternum begins to go more vertical rather than horizontal.

xiphoid process

Level T9/T10. The bottom tid bit of sternum.

Parts of the respiratory system

pharynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchi

Inspiration

Breathing in

Diaphragm moves down

increases volume of thoracic cavity

Decreases intrathoracic pressure.

(Think “im so inspired right now im going to take a really deep breath!” aka gasp)

Expiration

breathing out

diaphragm moves up

decreased volume of thoracic cavity

increased intrathoracic pressure

(think “breathing out your last breath then you expire” )

Upper Airway parts

Hard palate and soft palate

Uvula

Pharynx three subdivsions-

Nasopharynx: posterior to nose

oropharynx: posterior to mouth

laryngopharynx: extends from epiglottis and connects to esophagus

Esophagus: posterior to trachea and layrnx

Hard and soft palate

roof of oral cavity; soft - Uvula which is the boundary between nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Pharynx

Passageway for food fluid and air. There are three divisions of it.

Nasopharynx

1st of the three divisions of pharynx; Posterior to nose and houses opening of the auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils.

Oropharynx

2nd of three divisions of pharynx; Posterior to mouth and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

Laryngopharynx

3rd division of pharynx; Extends from epiglottis and connects to the esophagus.

Esophagus

Posterior to larynx and trachea

Larynx a.k.a. the voice box

Cage like structure made of cartilage

The organ of voice

Suspended by hyoid bone

Level C3-C6

Vocal cords

Sounds are made as air passes between chords

Located within layrnx

Thyroid cartilage

Anterior wall of larynx

at level C5

Anterior projection

also known as Adams apple(laryngeal prominence)

Cricoid cartilage

Ring of cartilage that forms inferior and posterior wall of larynx

attaches to trachea

Epiglottis

Unique cartilage that is a part of the larynx

flips down and covers trachea when swallowing

Trachea(windpipe)

Connects larynx to bronchi tree

Fibrous muscular tube

16-20 C shaped rings of cartilage are embedded in anterior wall

keeps airway open by preventing trachea from collapsing during expiration

Trachea length?

Extends from C6 to level of T4/5

Trachea divides at the carina at T4/5

Thyroid gland

located just below thyroid cartilage.

more radiosensitive than most body structures or organs

stores and releases hormones that aid in metabolism

DECREASES calcium levels in blood through calcitonin

Parathyroid gland

Small round glands embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid(2 on each side - 4 total)

stores and secretes hormones that aid in specific blood function

INCREASES calcium levels in blood through PTH(parathyroid hormone)

Primary bronchi

Right and left bronchi split by the carina

The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than left.

(food particles more likely to get lodged in right bronchus)

Secondary bronchi

Right divides into 3 secondary bronchi

left divides into 2

Do secondary bronchi divide any further?

YES!

They divide into smaller branches called bronchioles(terminal bronchioles)

These terminate into small air sacs called Alveoli!

Alveoli count and use?

lungs contain around 500-700 million alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in blood through the thin walls of the alveoli

Lungs

Composed of parenchyma which allows for the expansion and contraction.

Each lung is contained in a double walled sac called the pleura.

Outer layer of the pleura is called?

Parietal pleura

Inner layer of pleura is called?

Pulmonary or visceral pleura

What is the Pleural cavity and what does it do?

The space between the double walled pleura.

It allows movement during breathing because of its lubricating fluid.

Pneumothorax

Also known as a collapsed lung

occurs when air leaks into the space between the pleural cavity

Give me a description and the location of the Apex of the lungs

The apex oof the lungs is the rounded upper area of the lungs above the level of the clavicles.

Give me a description and the location of the Base of the lungs

Lower concave area of each lung. They rest on the diaphragm.