Learn: BT5 M1-M2 | Quizlet

What is the oldest natural building material?

Stone

One of the oldest and most widely used of building materials.

Wood

What is the oldest manufactured building material?

Brick

Who invented Portland cement in 1824?

Joseph Aspdin

Who invented reinforced concrete in 1850 by embedding wire in garden pots?

Jack Monier

Who developed prestressed concrete in 1927?

Eugene Freyssinet

Who developed a converter in 1855 for refining molten iron using blast air?

Sir Henry Bessemer

Iron produced by heating iron ore until soft enough to be forged.

Wrought iron

Electric furnaces that have produced steel from scrap metal since the 1960s.

Mini Mills

In which century was the first blast furnace built to melt iron ore?

14th Century

What percentage of processed wood is used for building purposes?

75%

What does the Greek root word 'Arche-' mean?

Chief, prime, or master.

What does the Greek root word 'Tekton' mean?

Builder, maker, or artisan.

What does the Latin root word 'Ingenium' mean?

Ingenuity or the ability to produce.

Combination of technique (skill) and knowledge (study).

Technology

The art and science of designing and constructing structures.

Architecture

What is the core element of architecture defined as craft or skill?

Art

What is the core element defined as knowledge coordinated, arranged, systematized, and experimentation?

Science

What invention made high-rise buildings possible?

Elevator

What system made thick structural walls unnecessary?

Heating Equipment

What system made contemporary buildings comfortable to live in?

Air Conditioning System

Aided us in making things faster

Computer

What are the three stages in the cycle of architectural development?

1. Archaic Period

2. Period of Mastery

3. Period of Decadence.

What are the four traditional construction methods?

1. Wood Construction

2. Masonry Construction

3. Concrete Construction

4. Steel Construction.

What are the four materials used in masonry construction?

1. Stone

2. Brick

3. Concrete Block

4. Structural Clay Tile.

What are the six key technologies influencing architecture?

1. Development of Building Materials

2. Invention of the Elevator

3. Development of Heating Equipment

4. Development of the Air Conditioning System

5. Better Plumbing and Sanitation Methods

6. Development of Computers

What are the six requirements for adopting advanced construction technology?

1. Appropriate Design

2. Commitment from the Whole Project Team

3. Suitable Procurement Strategies

4. Good Quality Control

5. Appropriate Training

6. Careful Commissioning.

Three key organizations in constructions

ASTM,ACI,ISO

What are the two core disciplines integrated in architecture?

Art and Science.

Began with the functional need for a controlled environment to moderate climate effects.

Origin of Construction

Features specialized products, systems, and organized building processes tailored to specific markets.

Current State of Construction

What is the design and regulation network in construction?

1. research institutions

2. code regulators

3. design experts

What is the execution team in construction?

Involves:

1. material producers

2. site craftsmen

3. contractors.

Formed by vertical posts and horizontal lintels.

Trabeated Construction

A projecting block from a wall supporting weight.

Corbel

A structural element that dates back to the Bronze Age.

Truss

Comes from the Latin root word ingenium, meaning ingenuity or the ability to produce.

ENGINEER

comes from the Greek root word arche- and tekton. Arche means chief, prime, master, while tekton means builder, maker, artisan.

ARCHITECT

These two terms are associated with innovation, and whatever they produce is called _____ which means a combination of technique (skill) and knowledge (study)

TECHNOLOGY

Refers to buildings made of stone, brick, concrete block, and structural clay tile—all materials used by masons.

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION.

Concrete is one of the most widely used and important building materials today.

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

As early as 3000 B.C. Egyptians formed iron tools by hammering meteorites into saws and sickles

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

What are the Romans Developed?

1. rounded arch

2. barrel vault

3. hemispherical dome.

Gave us architecture of light and skeletal minimalism of stone.

Gothic Age

Allows for more flexibility in vault proportions and fewer lateral thrust

Pointed Arch

Constructed before the vault segments and contributes to efficient construction of requiring less scaffolding

The Ribs

In this age of new knowledge, the branches of knowledge have become increasingly diverse, leading to specialization.

THE RENAISSANCE

Devised a system of horizontal chain rings to restrain the inevitable lateral thrust.

Fillipo Brunelleschi

Previous head of works for the project of the Cathedral

Arnolfo di Cambio

What is the name of the Cathedral in Florence that Brunelleschi built the dome

Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore

What is the height of the dome?

138.5 Feet

What is the style of architecture of the Cathedral?

Greco-Roman Architecture

What are the Three key contributions of Brunelleschi to the Florence Cathedral dome?

1. Circumferential Chains

2. Vault Construction without Scaffolding

3. Reversible Hoist and Revolving Crane

Stone chains were integrated into the masonry as what?

Circumferential or "hoop" reinforcement

High, pointed profile resembling an egg

Gothic Dome

How many major sections does the dome have?

8 main ribs

How many vault subsections does the vault have?

24 Vault Subsections

What pattern did Brunelleschi used to lay the bricks?

Herringbone Pattern

Connected to form a continuous arch and its tendency to fall inward

Concentric Horizontal Courses

An arched stone ceiling built on a framework

Vaults

What are the four types of Vault?

1. Barrel Vault

2. Groin Vault

3. Rib Vault

4. Fan Vault

Carries the weight outward to the sides

Arch

Method of stacking stones or bricks so that each layer extends inward, forming an opening or arch-like structure without using a true arch.

Corbelling

Wedge-shaped stones that transfer the load sideways

Voussoirs

Center stone that locks the arch together

Keystone

Temporary wooden support used in building arch

Centering

Were not used for the heavy Vaults but used for lighter Workmen constructing the dome

Scaffolds

Serves as an additional ballast weights redirecting the lateral thrust more vertically to the ground

Spires/Statues

A linear force-transfer element in the form of a half arch with a flat top

Flying Buttress

Based upon the same principle of Corbel

CantIlever

Offered the earliest documented account and drawings of wooden truss design

Andrea Palladio