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name the groups on the periodic
1: alkali metals
2: alkaline earth metals
3-12: transition metals
13-16: non-metals
17: halogens
18: noble gases
why are the lanthanides and actinides separate?
You are filling the f orbitals for them, but all the rest of the transition metals you are filling d orbitals
what is ionization potential, how does it relate to periodic table?
energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron in the valence shell
energy required to be a positive ion (cation)
increases left to right: more protons, hold onto elecs more strongly, harder to remove elecs. transition metals fill d orb (increase becomes gradual)
decreases top bottom: adding shells, valence shell farther away from nucleus, slightly easier to remove elec
what is electron affinity? how does it relate to the periodic table
energy that is released if you were to add an electron to the outermost shell
noble gases have zero electron affinity
alkaline metals have low affinity because their s orbs are full, so they don’t want a new one alone in a new orb group
Increases from left to right
Decreases from top bottom
what is electronegativity, example? how does it relate to the periodic table
affinity of a particular element to attract electrons towards it in a chemical bond
In HCl, Cl is more electronegative than H
Paulings elecneg scale: higher number means in a bonded structure that element will pull elecs towards it
Increases from left to right
Decrease from top to bottom
explain ionic bonds vs covalent vs metallic
ionic: transfer of electrons
covalent: sharing electrons
metallic: shared by many atoms at once
minerals exist because __?
chemical and physical properties of a crystal depend almost entirely on __ (example)
bonding between many elements
nature of bonds between atoms in a crystal structure
bonding in calcium carbonate: ∆EN (Ca-O) = 2.5 = ionic, ∆EN (C-O) = 1 = covalent
In water, carbonate group (CO3 2-) will stay together, but Ca2+ and O2- will separate an ions
which levels of elecneg difference correspond to which bonds? example?
∆ of 0 = nonpolar covalent (Cl-Cl)
∆ of 0.4-1.7 = polar covalent (HCl)
∆ of >1.7 = mostly ionic (NaCl)
1.7 means a 50% ionic bond
