SCIENCE STAAR 8th grade

Newton's 1st law

an object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force

Newton's 2nd law

acceleration of an object depends directly upon the mass of the object and the net force upon the object

Newton's 3rd law

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

proton

positive charge

has mass of 1 amu

located in the nucleus

gives an element its identity

neutron

no charge

located in the nucleus

use MAN to calculate amount

electron

negative charge

located in the electron cloud

no significant mass

can use APE to find the amount of these

nucleus (atom)

dense central part of an atom

most of the mass located here

positively charged

valence electrons

the electrons in the outer electron ring

responsible for the atom's reactivity

metals

shiny

ductile

malleable

good conductor

on left of line

nonmetals

dull

brittle

poor conductors

right of staircase

metalloids

have some properties of both metals and nonmetals

semiconductors

touching the staircase

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom of one element

A=P=E

atomic mass

the number of protons and neutrons

groups

columns on the periodic table

same number of valence electrons

similar properties and reactivity

periods

horizontal rows on the periodic table

number of energy levels

revolution

to move around the sun

takes 365 days for the earth to go around the sun (a year)

rotatation

to spin on an axis

takes 24 hours for it to rotate once (a day)

responsible for day and night

gravity

the force that governs the motion of our solar system

tilt

23.5 degrees

responsible for the seasons

speed

how fast you are going

change in distance over time

s=d/t

ex: 55 mph

velocity

speed with direction

ex: 55 mph east

acceleration

change in velocity

speeding up, slowing down, changing direction

biodiversity

the different living organisms

The diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)

food chain

The pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms

producers/autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

primary consumers

animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores

secondary consumers

organisms that consume primary consumers.

tertiary consumers

carnivores that eat secondary consumers

physical change

change in appearance; nothing new is formed

ex: ice melting, kool aid, tearing paper

chemical change

a change where something new is formed

(BPLTCGS)

element

substance that can not be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means

ex: O, Na

compound

A substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded

ex: NH3

subscript

In a chemical formula, a number below and to the right of a symbol indicating number of atoms

reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction (left of arrow)

product

what you end with in a chemical reaction (right of arrow)

law of conservation of mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction

organic compound

a compound that has carbon in it

CHNOPS

convergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.

divergent boundary

a plate boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other

can result in seafloor spreading, earthquakes, mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, and ocean basins

transform boundary

a plate boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other

can result in earthquakes and fault lines

topographic map

used to identify type and location of land features

closer lines represent a steeper slope

tides

changes in the ocean water level

caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun

spring tide

higher high tides and lower low tides

moon sun and the earth are in a straight line

neap tides

lower high tides and higher low tides

moon sun and earth are in a right angle=

90 degree angle

universe

space and the matter and the energy it contains

hertzsprung russell diagram (HR diagram)

classifies the stars by their surface temperature, color, and absolute magnitude

star

huge hot body made of gases-mostly hydrogen and helium

color indicates surface temperature

light year

the distance light travels in one year;used to measure large sizes and distances in the universe

work

= Force x Distance

Object needs to move in direction of force

energy

can be used or stored

can't be created or destroyed

lost in the form of heat

potential energy

stored energy of a position

the higher an object is, the more of this it has

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

the faster an object is going, it has more of this

primary succession

Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists; lichens and mosses grow first (slower)

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil(faster)

density

= Mass / Volume

hurricane

A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 120 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center

wind

caused by air moving from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

convection current

a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid

heterotroph

obtains energy by feeding on other organisms (hunt for food)

cell theory

Theory that states all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells.

eukaryotic

Has a nucleus (Eu-do)

prokaryotic

does not have a nucleus

(pro- no)

nucleus (cell)

the central part of the cell where DNA is stored

vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found

cell membrane

The semipermeable membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell.

mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell

energy producer

cell wall

Ridged outer layer of a plant cell

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs (makes sugar)

asexual reproduction

one parent; identical offspring

sexual reproduction

two parents; diverse offspring

skeletal system

Creates framework of the body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles. Ex: bones and cartilage, provide for organ attachment.

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

control center for the body

circulatory system

The human body system that contians the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body and removes CO2, includes nose, trachea, and lungs.

digestive system

mouth, teeth, stomach, intestines

breaks down food to absorb nutrients

muscular system

skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, tendons, ligaments

produce movement, maintain posture, generate heat

excretory system

eliminates waste products from the body; kidneys, bladder, urethra

endocrine system

Controls body functions using chemicals messengers called hormones.

Subduction zone

a convergent boundary where one plate sinks beneath the other; forms volcanoes

friction

A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact

balanced force

forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force of zero

unbalanced force

two or more forces that are not equal and opposite of one another; can cause change in motion

inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion; do nothing

mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

force

A push or pull on an object

weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

Erosion

The movement of soil/dirt by wind, or water

deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

galaxy

A collection of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity

spiral galaxy

a galaxy with a bulge in the middle and arms that spiral outward in a pinwheel pattern

elliptical galaxy

A galaxy shaped like a round or flattened ball, generally containing only old stars

irregular galaxy

A galaxy that does not have a regular shape

nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust where stars are born

Sun

medium sized yellow dwarf main sequence star; closest star to Earth

New Moon

Moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, at which point the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun and its dark side faces Earth.

Waxing Crescent

A phase of the moon coming after a new moon and before a 1st quarter moon that is a lit up crescent on the right

1st Quarter

right side is halfway lit.

Waxing Gibbous

moon phase that comes after a first quarter moon and before a full moon; more than half of the moon is lit up on the right side, but it isn't completely full

Full Moon

moon phase when the entire side facing Earth is illuminated.