Integrated Science 2 - Exam 3

Kinetic Molecular Theory

a model that explains the behavior of matter, stating that matter is composed of tiny particles in constant, random motion, and that the properties of matter depend on the motion and interactions of these particles

atoms

the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties

elements

unique structure (matter) composed of atoms with the same # of protons

molecules

2 or more atoms bonded together (different or same elements) with characteristics properties

protons

mass - 1 amu

charge - positive

location - nucleus

neutrons

mass - 1 amu

charge - no charge

location - nucleus

electrons

mass - 0 amu

charge - negative

location - outside nucleus (orbital, sphere, cloud)

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

how to determine atomic number and mass of a particle?

atomic number - whole number above element symbol

atomic mass - number underneath the element symbol

phases of matter

- the arrangement and strength of attraction of molecules determine phase characteristics

solid - definite shape and volume due to fixed distances between molecules and strong cohesive forces

liquid - molecules are not confined to a position, but cohesive forces give it a fixed volume

gas - molecules are far apart and move more freely in constant random motion

(gases and liquids are considered fluids)

temperature and common scales

Fahrenheit - based on two referent points: freezing and boiling (points of water with 180 intervals)

Celsius - also based on water but set to 100 intervals

Kelvin (absolute temp scale) - absolute zero = lowest temp possible

Joules and calories

- 4.184 J = 1 cal

- metric unit of heat

Ideal Gas Law: Boyle's Law and Charle's Law

Boyle's Law - for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Charle's Law - for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume and temperature are directly proportional

absolute zero and relationship to gas laws

- the lowest temperature possible

- it's the theoretical point where molecular motion ceases, and the volume of an ideal gas would approach zero

heat

a measure of the internal energy (thermal energy) that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another

heat is a transfer of thermal energy caused by a difference in temperature between molecules

how does heat differ from temperature?

heat is the total KE and PE of a substance and how much energy is transferred between objects

temperature is the average motion of molecules (KE)

internal energy

total PE and KE of the molecules of an object

external energy

total PE and KE of visible objects

thermal energy

the total energy of motion in the particles of a substance

specific heat and how it is calculated

- the transfer of heat energy influenced by 3 factors: mass of substance, temperature change, and the nature of the material

- specific heat (c) = the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that substance 1C

- water has a high specific heat at 1/0 cal/gC

latent heat of fusion and vaporization

latent heat - quantity of heat energy involved in changing internal potential energy (bonds)

fusion - he energy needed to change a substance from solid to liquid (or vice versa) at constant temperature

vaporization - the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas (or vice versa) at constant temperature

phase changes

*more heating does not always result in temperature increase

solid to liquid (melting)

liquid to solid (freezing)

gas to liquid (condensation)

liquid to gas (vaporization)

solid to gas (sublimation)

gas to solid (deposition)

Conduction, plus rationale of Insulators and examples

- heat (energy) movement from one molecule to another in a solid material

- insulators --> poor conductors (slow flow)

ex. cooking in a pan, walking on hot sand, touching a hot stove

convection

- only occurs in fluids

- group of molecules with relatively higher KE and moved from one location to another due to unequal heating or energy levels

- warm air rises since it is less dense

ex home heating, ovens, weather

radiation

- all objects radiate electromagnetic waves (energy)

- radiation = wavelengths of radiant energy in motion

- color, surface area, and roughness influence transmission and absorption of heat

ex. microwave, x-ray

simple harmonic motion

the vibratory motion that occurs when there is a restoring force opposite and proportional to a displacement

Sinusoidal Patterns

Vibration and Elastic material

vibration - a back and forth motion that repeats if material is elastic

elastic - material that can recover its shape after some force has deformed it

amplitude

extent displacement from the equillibrium point

cycle

a complete vibration in a motion from one extreme to the next and returning to the original position

period

the time it takes to complete one cycle

wavelength

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

frequency

the number of cycles per second

physical wave

a disturbance that moves through a medium (solid, liquid, gas)

a wave is:

1) a traveling disturbance

2) energy being transported (motion)

pulse wave

a single, non-repeating disturbance that travels through a medium, like a single bump on a rope or a brief sound wave, unlike a continuous wave that repeats

longitudinal wave

disturbance is in the same direction of wave, particles move closer together or farther apart

transverse wave

a disturbance that causes motion perpendicular to the direction of the wave, particles vibrate back and forth (up and down)

what is sound?

a disturbance that travels through a medium as a longitudinal wave (vibrations of the air occur in the same direction)

Seismology: types of waves and characteristics, Mallet, how are waves detected and earthquake rating scales, intensity scale, causes of seismic waves, layers of the Earth.

types of waves - Body waves (P waves, S, waves) Surface waves (Love waves, Rayleigh Waves)

characteristics

- P (compress)

- S (after an earthquake, only through solids)

- Love (move parallel to surface and perpendicular to wave)

- Raleigh (appear like a rolling of the ground)

Mallet - father of seismology

how are waves detected and earthquake rating scales

intensity scale - earthquake waves are detected by seismographs, which record ground motion

cause of seismic waves - earthquake, volcano, rushing river, etc.

Doppler Effect: Define effect, pitch, what factors involved, examples of how it is used.

effect - how sound or light waves change frequency due to the motion of the viewer or source of the wave

what factors involves - motion

examples of how it is used -space, radar, health care

Cell Phone Communication: Electromagnetic wave type, cell network, how cellular communication works (3G, 4G, 5G)

electromagnetic wave type - Cell phones communicate using radio waves. The cell towers receive the signal, convert it into a message that can be understood, and then transmitted to the other phone. On the receiving end, this happens as well, so during a phone call, this process is occurring from both ends. A magnet is needed to move the waves.

cell network - a telecommunications network that uses wireless links to transmit voice, data, and other content via radio waves, distributed over land areas called cells, each served by a fixed-location transceiver (base station)

3G, 4G, 5G - Data coverage is either 3G, 4G, or 5G. The "G" stands for generation and the larger the number, the better the data quality. 3G is dated today, but 4 and 5 are both used, with 5 being the best.

Static Electricity: Atomic particles, conductors, three causes of statics, 3 types of lightning, induction, and Coulomb's law, graupels

atomic particles - proton, neutron, electron

conductors - let electrons move freely throughout the solid. There are loosely bound outer electrons, which can easily flow between molecules. ex: copper.

3 causes of statics - friction, conduction, induction

3 types of lightning - intra cloud, inter cloud, and cloud to ground

induction - Charge transfers from one object to another without contact.

Coulomb's law - Coulomb's Law gives the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges. It calculates the magnitude of the force between two point charges, q1 and q2, separated by a distance r.

graupels - hail

heat transfers

heat transfers spontaneously (naturally) from high temp (KE) to low temperature (KE)

C14 Dating

Nuclear Medecine