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extreme poverty
situation where a person has to live on less than $1.90/day (World Bank), amount adjusted to the local cost of living of countries
absolute poverty
lack of basic needs (shelter, clean water, sanitation, education, food). Focused on day-to-day survival
relative poverty
people's incomes falling significantly below average for where they live
globalization
growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, from cross-border trade in goods, services, technology, investment, people, information
global warming
human-caused climate change. Warming is attributed to human activities
causes of global warming
large-scale burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) in power plants, transport (ships, planes, cars), heating…
greenhouse gas effect
a process where greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, thus increasing global temperatures
greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour…
e-waste
electronic waste: old printers, cellphones, computers, devices, televisions, batteries. produced in developed countries and sent to developing countries to be burned for money
consumerism
belief that an individual’s personal wellbeing and happiness depends on consumption of material goods
foreign direct investment (FDI)
investment by a firm based in one country (the home country) in productive activities in another country (the host country)
mnc benefits
job opportunities in developing countries, economic growth, generally pay higher wages than local competitors
mnc limitations
unfair competition with unsafe working conditions, very low/exploitative wages, enables systemically low-income outcomes for people, human and labour rights violations, eliminating local producers and jobs, environmental degradation through working in countries with weak environmental protection laws
greenpeace
international organization to preserve endangered animals, prevent environmental abuses, and heighten environmental awareness through direct confrontations with polluting corporations and government authorities. uses non-violent confrontation to expose global environmental problems, to force solutions essential to green and peaceful future.
greenpeace vs lego
lego needs oil for the production of plastic toys, bought from shell. greenpeace wanted to prevent as shell oil drilling in arctic could cause oil spills. protests focused on posters and digital videos, protesters dressed up as lego characters blocking shell offices and gas stations. successful when shell announced no more exploration in canadian arctic
heifer international
works with local farmers and business owners: supports communities in futures, improves quantity and quality of goods, ends hunger and poverty by supporting and investing alongside local farmers and their respective communities, works on economic development, environmental sustainability, food nutrition and security, risk mitigation and resilience, women empowerment and social capital
paris climate accord
legally binding international treaty on climate change, combating rising global greenhouse emissions. every 5 years countries must submit their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outlining actions against climate change in nation. ensures developed countries provide financial assistance to developing countries, as large financial investment is crucial to real environmental change
world trade organisation (wto)
international organization dealing with rules of trade between nations; a democratically-ran forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements and settle trade disputes
remanufacture
taking an item and turning it into something else
recycling
sending raw materials to a secondary market for remanufacturing
reuse
using a product as-is
refurbish
when old products are examined—any non-working part is exchanged for a new part and product is resold
tragedy of the commons
selfish acts by individuals that control how common resources are used, resulting in its destruction