Brain and Behavior: Clinical Neuropsychology

…: the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific process and behaviors, aims to study, assess, understand and treat behaviors directly related to brain functions

neuropsychology

Neuropsychology was developed based on the understanding that the brain has … responsible for both voluntary and involuntary functions

independent structures

It is essential for them to know and understand intricate behaviors such as emotion in the context of … as well as the ability to assess what treatment would suit an individual the best

brain physiology

The abnormalities of the brain often may overlap with one another in terms of diagnoses which lead to an … in the ability to diagnose what the underlying issue is

ambivalence

Test have been designed so that the performance on the task can be linked to specific …

neurocognitive process

…: data resulting from standardized tests

normative data

…: different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions

specializations

…: areas of the brain are wired to work together to complete functions

functional interconnectivity

Intelligence involves the ability to: … (4)

think, solve problems, analyze situations, understand social values

Two main forms of intelligence: … (2)

verbal intelligence, nonverbal intelligence

…: ability to comprehend and solve language based problems

verbal intelligence

…: the ability to understand and solve visual and spatial problems

nonverbal intelligence

…: the estimation of a persons current intellectual functioning though performance of various tasks designed to affect different types of reasoning

intelligence testing

…: estimating pre-morbid ability, aim to identify any potential discrepancy between obtained and estimated scores (verbal IQ, performance IQ, full-scale IQ)

Test of Pre-morbid functioning

…: cognitive functioning, intellectual ability, aptitude, thinking skills and general ability

intelligence quotient

…: a test of developed skill of knowledge, the most common type is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grad level, usually through planned instruction

achievement test

Achievement tests are often contrasted with tests that measure …, a more general and stable cognitive trait

aptitude

Achievement tests: …

Wechsler individual achievement test

Tests of language look at numerous factors: … (4)

production, articulation, utilization, general understanding

…: the understanding of language input, including the understanding of both words and gestures, beyond vacab but also into the ability to interpret a question, and grammatical form

receptive language

…: the output of language, how one expresses their wants and needs, not only how words are combined into phrases, sentences and paragraphs as well as the use of gestures and facial expressions

expressive language

…: relates to the formulation of individual speech sound using ones lips, teeth, and tongue, this is separate from ones ability to formulate thoughts that are expressed using appropriate word or combination of words

speech production

Language assessment tools: … (2)

comprehensive assessment of spoken language, clinical evaluation of language education

Categories of memories: … (2)

short-term, long-term

Memory weakness can be due to: … (6)

age, TB, HIV, alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, chemotherapy

…: the brain system of storing, managing, and retrieving information

long-term memory

…: requires conscious thought, its what most people think of when they hear memory

Explicit memory

…: does not require conscious thought, it allows you to do things on auto pilot

implicit memory

…:most of us have one part of life where we remember better than others

autobiographical

…: the very short time in which something is kept in mind before even dismissing it or transferring it to long-term memory

short-term memory

…: emphasises the brains manipulation of information it recieves , the brains scratch pad, keeps info around long enough to use

working memory

System of memory: … → … → … → … (4)

encoding, storage, retention, retrieval

Tests of memory mostly look at: … (3)

immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition

Memory tests: … (2)

Wechsler memory test II, Montreal cognitive assessment

…: using the sense of sight to notice and compare the features of different items to distinguish one item from another

visual discrimination

…..: discriminating a shape or printed character from the background

visual-figure discrimination

…: the ability to see and distinguish the order of symbols words or images

visual sequencing

…: using feedback from the eyes to coordinate the movement of other parts of the body

visual motor processing

…: the ability to recall something seen some time ago

visual memory

…: the ability to know what an object is only when parts of it are visible

visual closure

…: the ability to understand how objects are positioned in space in relation to oneself, this involves the understanding of distance, as well as the relationship of objects and characters described on paper or in spoken narrative

spatial relationships

…: a set of mental processes that help connect past experience with present action, involves working memory, associated with the frontal lobes

executive functioning

Excutive funstions: … (5)

planning, sequencing, abstract thinking, problem solving, working memory

Qualitative test-taking and social behavior is important in assessing: … (3)

impulsivity, perseveration, disinhibition

Assessments of executive functions: … (2)

behavioral rating inventory or executive functioning, controlled oral word association

Preoperative neuropsychological assessment in people with epilepsy: … (3)

WAIS IV, verbal and performance memory, language assessment

Intracarotid sodium amorbital test: … (3)

verbal memory (left hemispheric function), performance memory (right hemispheric function) language (expressive and receptive)