Negative Punishment Strategies

Ch. 17 - no book notes added

definition of punishment by removal

stimulus removed, contingent upon a response, decreases the future probability of that response

important aspects of time out

the discrepancy btw time in and time out must be great, the loss of access to reinforcement myst be contingent on a target behavior, must result in a decrease in the future probability of the behavior

how punishment and reinforcement are paired

any punishment procedure that is used, should also have a corresponding reinforcement

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TIME OUT

FIND IN BOOK IG

types of time out procedures

non exclusion and exclusion

subtypes of non-exclusion time out

contingent observation, time out ribbon

subtypes of exclusion time out

time out room, partition time out, hallway time out

non-exclusion time out def

indv is not completely removed physically from the time in setting, position within the environment may shift

contingent observation def

the indv is repositioned within the existing setting, observation ongoing activities is still possible, access to reinforcement is lost, ex: being able to watch show and tell, but not participate

time out ribbon def

colored band is placed on the child’s wrist, reinforcement can be given only when the ribbon is on, contingent on a target behavior

when the ribbon is removed (time out ribbon procedure)

no reinforcement can be given

exclusion time out def

indv is removed physically from the environment for a specified period of time, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior

time out room procedure

confined space outside of time in setting, no positive reinforcers present, near the time in setting, only temporary

advantages of time out rooms

opportunity for reinforcement is eliminated or reduced, after a few exposures students learn to discriminate it from other rooms (less desirable), decreases risk of indv hurting others

disadvantages of time out rooms

must take students there, may result in resistance or emotional outburts, restriction to ongoing instruction, indv could engage in other undesirable behaviors while out of the time in setting, negative public perception, ethical concerns

partition time out def

indv remains in the time in setting but theyr view within the setting is restricted by a partition/wall/cubicle

advantage for partition time out

keeps indv in instructional setting

disadvantages of partition time out

indv still my be able to obtain cover reinforcement, negative public perception

hallway time out def

indv sits in hallway outside of classroom or treatment area, no encouraged strategy

why is the hallway time out not highly recommended

indv can get reinforcement form other sources in the hallway, child could escape, may impact mental health, unnecessary stigma from others

benefits for time out (all typs)

easy to apply, acceptable, rapid suppression of problem behavior, easily combined with other procedures (ex: differential reinforcement)

how to effectively reinforce and enrich the time in behavior

utilize differential reinforcement to reinforce alternative and incompatible behaviors

how to clearly define the behaviors that would lead to time out

all parties (including the target indv) should have explicit, observable definitions of the problem behavior

durations for time out procedures

initial duration should be short, longer than 15 mins is ineffective

when to use exclusion vs non-exclusion time out

consider institutional policies that may prevent exclusion time out, physical factors

how you explain the time out rules

target behavior, duration, exit criteria

how to evaluate effectiveness of time out

track frequency and duration of time outs, track collateral behaviors for side effects, target behavior should decrease

key components of effectively using time outs (ones that didn’t make their own card")

obtain permission, apply consistently, consider other options, consider legal and ethical issues

Response cost (simple def)

loss of a specific amount of reinforcement, contingent on a target behavior, reduced the future probability of a target behavior

advantages of response cost

produces rapid decrease in the target behavior, convenient and easy to implement, easily combined with other approaches

methods of response cost (4)

direct fine, bonus response cost, combined with positive reinforcement, group arrangements

directly fine simple def

specific amount of the positive reinforcer

what to consider when using directly fines

legal and ethical appropriateness

bonus response cost simple def

make additional reinforcers available to the indv, especially for removal during a response cost contingency

combing with positive reinforcement simple def (response cost)

combine with point/token programs ( differential reinforcement)

advantages of combining response cost with positive reinforcement

if all points or tokens are not lost they can be exchanged for back-up reinforcers, the use of reinforcers reduce the legal and ethical concerns

combining with group contingencies (response cost)

contingent on any member of a group, the entire group loses a specified amount of reinforcement