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Definition of Psychology
The study of the behavior of organisms and mental processes/experiences
How do scientists base feelings off of?
By speech, facial expressions, and behavior
What is an organism?
Any living thing
Why do people say the definition of psychology is about the behavior of organisms?
Because scientists study more than just people and can focus on any living creatures behavior.
what is the most effective way to get facts to get information in psychology?
To use the scientific method
Zeitgeist
German word (n.) - the spirit of the time
Spirit of times means
As time moves forward, peoples beliefs will change
Plato
Believed that human beings have 3 basic components
What are the 3 basic Plato components?
Mind(thoughts), Body(Physical), spirit(soul or emotions/feelings)
Psychology was often affiliated with
Philosophy and religion
John Locke (1632-1704)
Believed that the environment a person is raised in greatly influences how a person turns out
who said "We are products of our environment"
John Locke
Who was the founder of modern psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt in Germany
what year did Wundt claim he was a psychologist?
1879
what was Wilhelm Wundt known as
a Structuralist
where did Wundt do experiments?
At county fairs and asked people to feel something and described objects while blindfolded
When was the Functionalist movement?
1900s - 1920s
Who created the very first IQ test?
Alfred Binet (Paris)
When was the Behaviorist movement
1920s - 1970s
Who was the founder of the behaviorist movement
John Watson
Who was the other behavioralist founder?
B.F Skinner
Who was Sigmund Freud?
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.
Who found humanistic movement / importance of personal growth, freewill, seldon
Carl Rogers
- Understanding a persons genetics, brain, chemistry, and biology
- To change someone, they will diagnose and prescribe medication
1. Medical Model
-Learning behavior from one's environment and past and present circumstances
- To change someone's behavior, one must change their environment
2. Behavioral Model
- Early childhood experiences form personality
- Personality is formed thru stages
- Behavior comes from Unconcious thoughts
4. Psychoanalytical Model
- Means thinking
-Learning our thoughts and attitudes
- Learning one's thinking from your environment and the way you were raised
- Understand how someone thinks, their attitudes, opinions, prejudice, etc
- To change behavior, change how someone thinks
3. Cognitive Model
We are unique individuals and mental illness comes from denying or punishing our uniqueness.
5. Humanistic Model
Blend of various Models
6. Eclectic
What are the types of academic Psychology?
Experimental, Psychobiology, Developmental, Social, Educational
What are the types of Applied Psychology
Clinical, Counseling, School, Industrial,
Training for psychologists includes
- BA degree, MA(4 years)
- PhD(5 years)
Training for Psychiatrist is
- Physician()MD
- Involves specialization after the 9 years
- can prescribe medicine
Training for Social Working
- Counseling or therapy
- At least 2 years of grad school
- Licensed clinical social worker
marriage and family therapist
A mental health professional who specializes in treating couples and families and in how these relationships impact mental health. Training can be at the master's or Ph.D. level, and some M.S.W. programs offer training in marriage and family therapy.
- State certification
What is the goal of the scientific method?
To gain information or fact or truth (not an opinion)
1. Ask the experts
Google your question through a reputable source
2. Test out your hypothesis by observing
observe different reactions of men and women in a given situation through direct observation
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Ones desire to validate an opinion or theory given to them that they want to have answered and see if it's true
what is selective perception
You perceive what seems to be important to us
Who was famous for the self fulfilling prophecy theory?
Robert Rosenthal
maze bright and maze dull rats
two groups of rats that were separated based on their performance in a standardized maze problem. Those that performed best were bred with each other, as were those that performed most poorly.
what do pretests give people
Baseline data
What is Baseline Data
rate of behavior before you do any intervention/teaching
what did intellectual bloomers mean
They were ready to make great intellectual growth spurt
what grades had the biggest bloomer difference
grades 1-3
What's grades had the least difference in bloomers
grades 7-8
operational definition
A concept is defined in terms of the operations used to MEASURE that specific concept.
simple experiement
involves one variable, but 2 groups
complex experiment
multiple variable with many groups
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
representational selection
selected based on proportional criteria, such as US census data. (% of men, women, races, ages, parts of country,etc)
random selection/sampling
randomly select sample of people to participate to increase generalizability of results
1500-2000 to accurately sample the whole country
What is an independent variable?
factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes
What is a dependent variable?
variable that is measured
Measurement of the outcome behavior
Time sequence error
A caused B and B caused C, so in order to stop C from happening you need to stop B or A
Correlation error
A decimal number that expresses the relationships between two variables
Positive Correlation
Tells you that the 2 variables move in the same direction. Meaning when one variable increases, the other does as well.
negative correlation
Tells you that the 2 variables move in opposite directions. The relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
experimentar bias
tendency of an experimenter (unintentionally) to misperceive the results of an experiment
double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
sampling error
The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results.
confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
percentile score
Tells you what percent of the norm group your score is higher than
ethics
Refers to the moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior, particularly in research involving human or animal subjects. Ethical guidelines ensure the protection and welfare of participants. These principles include informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm.
