History of Psychology unit 1

Definition of Psychology

The study of the behavior of organisms and mental processes/experiences

How do scientists base feelings off of?

By speech, facial expressions, and behavior

What is an organism?

Any living thing

Why do people say the definition of psychology is about the behavior of organisms?

Because scientists study more than just people and can focus on any living creatures behavior.

what is the most effective way to get facts to get information in psychology?

To use the scientific method

Zeitgeist

German word (n.) - the spirit of the time

Spirit of times means

As time moves forward, peoples beliefs will change

Plato

Believed that human beings have 3 basic components

What are the 3 basic Plato components?

Mind(thoughts), Body(Physical), spirit(soul or emotions/feelings)

Psychology was often affiliated with

Philosophy and religion

John Locke (1632-1704)

Believed that the environment a person is raised in greatly influences how a person turns out

who said "We are products of our environment"

John Locke

Who was the founder of modern psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt in Germany

what year did Wundt claim he was a psychologist?

1879

what was Wilhelm Wundt known as

a Structuralist

where did Wundt do experiments?

At county fairs and asked people to feel something and described objects while blindfolded

When was the Functionalist movement?

1900s - 1920s

Who created the very first IQ test?

Alfred Binet (Paris)

When was the Behaviorist movement

1920s - 1970s

Who was the founder of the behaviorist movement

John Watson

Who was the other behavioralist founder?

B.F Skinner

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.

Who found humanistic movement / importance of personal growth, freewill, seldon

Carl Rogers

- Understanding a persons genetics, brain, chemistry, and biology

- To change someone, they will diagnose and prescribe medication

1. Medical Model

-Learning behavior from one's environment and past and present circumstances

- To change someone's behavior, one must change their environment

2. Behavioral Model

- Early childhood experiences form personality

- Personality is formed thru stages

- Behavior comes from Unconcious thoughts

4. Psychoanalytical Model

- Means thinking

-Learning our thoughts and attitudes

- Learning one's thinking from your environment and the way you were raised

- Understand how someone thinks, their attitudes, opinions, prejudice, etc

- To change behavior, change how someone thinks

3. Cognitive Model

We are unique individuals and mental illness comes from denying or punishing our uniqueness.

5. Humanistic Model

Blend of various Models

6. Eclectic

What are the types of academic Psychology?

Experimental, Psychobiology, Developmental, Social, Educational

What are the types of Applied Psychology

Clinical, Counseling, School, Industrial,

Training for psychologists includes

- BA degree, MA(4 years)

- PhD(5 years)

Training for Psychiatrist is

- Physician()MD

- Involves specialization after the 9 years

- can prescribe medicine

Training for Social Working

- Counseling or therapy

- At least 2 years of grad school

- Licensed clinical social worker

marriage and family therapist

A mental health professional who specializes in treating couples and families and in how these relationships impact mental health. Training can be at the master's or Ph.D. level, and some M.S.W. programs offer training in marriage and family therapy.

- State certification

What is the goal of the scientific method?

To gain information or fact or truth (not an opinion)

1. Ask the experts

Google your question through a reputable source

2. Test out your hypothesis by observing

observe different reactions of men and women in a given situation through direct observation

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Ones desire to validate an opinion or theory given to them that they want to have answered and see if it's true

what is selective perception

You perceive what seems to be important to us

Who was famous for the self fulfilling prophecy theory?

Robert Rosenthal

maze bright and maze dull rats

two groups of rats that were separated based on their performance in a standardized maze problem. Those that performed best were bred with each other, as were those that performed most poorly.

what do pretests give people

Baseline data

What is Baseline Data

rate of behavior before you do any intervention/teaching

what did intellectual bloomers mean

They were ready to make great intellectual growth spurt

what grades had the biggest bloomer difference

grades 1-3

What's grades had the least difference in bloomers

grades 7-8

operational definition

A concept is defined in terms of the operations used to MEASURE that specific concept.

simple experiement

involves one variable, but 2 groups

complex experiment

multiple variable with many groups

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

representational selection

selected based on proportional criteria, such as US census data. (% of men, women, races, ages, parts of country,etc)

random selection/sampling

randomly select sample of people to participate to increase generalizability of results

1500-2000 to accurately sample the whole country

What is an independent variable?

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes

What is a dependent variable?

variable that is measured

Measurement of the outcome behavior

Time sequence error

A caused B and B caused C, so in order to stop C from happening you need to stop B or A

Correlation error

A decimal number that expresses the relationships between two variables

Positive Correlation

Tells you that the 2 variables move in the same direction. Meaning when one variable increases, the other does as well.

negative correlation

Tells you that the 2 variables move in opposite directions. The relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

experimentar bias

tendency of an experimenter (unintentionally) to misperceive the results of an experiment

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

sampling error

The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results.

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

percentile score

Tells you what percent of the norm group your score is higher than

ethics

Refers to the moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior, particularly in research involving human or animal subjects. Ethical guidelines ensure the protection and welfare of participants. These principles include informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm.