US History Topic 1

test monday

Wade - Davis Bill

1864, required that a majority of states prewar voters swear loyalty to the union before the process of restorations could begin

Black Codes

Laws that sought to limit the African Americans and keep them as landless owners

Impeach

to charge without wrongdoing in office

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Created federal guarantees of civil rights, suppressed any states laws that limited them, overturn the Black Code.

Scalawags

White men who wanted a “new south”

Henry Grady

Leading Scalawage, Favored “New South”

• develop industries

• increase trade + commerce

• free from discrimination

• advancing society in the late 1800’s

Carpetbaggers

new comers in the south

Blanche K. Bruce

born into slavery in Virginia, learned to read from his enslavers son, improve situations

Segregation

The Separation of races, two school systems

Poll Taxes

Required voters to pay a tax to vote, began in Georgia, cost voters $1 or $2 to vote.

Literacy Tests

Test given to people that denied education, and disqualified them as voters. If one of the organizers didn’t want you to vote them were in charge of weather you passed the test or not

Grandfather Clauses

Allowed a person to vote as long as his ancestors of the African American freedman did not vote prior to 1866 or 1867. Hadn’t voted before

Booker T. Washington

1856, African American leader argued that African Americans shouldn’t argue or try to overturn Jim crows laws

Ida B. Wells

1892, African American woman, Holly springs, Mississippi wrote an editorial attacking the practice of lynching in the south “Eight Negroes Lynched Since the Last Issue of the “Free Speech’ ”

W.E.B Du Bois

Native of Great Barrington, earned his Ph. D from Harvard, criticized Washington’s willingness to accommodate southern whites, slaves should demand for full equality and no limits.

Greatest Increase in population in the late 1800’s

Cotton Boom (Texas) and Gold rush (California)

Homestead Act of 1862

offered lad to any farmer willing to

• dig a well

• live on the land for 5 years

• build a road

percentages to know

• 20% of South’s land owned by African Americans by 1880.

• 22.6% of Southern men between 20 to 40 that died in the Civil War.

• 3% of African Americans in the South that could vote in 1940.

• 38% at the median and by 75% at the 90th percentile decline of South’s share of the nation’s total wealth from 1860 to 1870.

• 30% of cotton production destroyed by the boll weevil in the 1890s

issues federal government had during reconstruction

• reunite the Union

• rebuild souths economy

• citizenships to African Americans

Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

offered a full pardon to those individuals that took an oath of loyalty and accepted the abolition of slavery.

What did southern states have to do to re-admitted back into the Union

readmit the former Confederate states requires them to convene conventions to disavow their acts of secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate their war debts.

Sharecropping

• landowners supply tenants with supplies

• pay portion of crop as payments

• didn’t own land or crops

Sharetenancy

• Tenants purchase own supplies

• keep share of crop for themselves

• owned crops not the land

• saved money

Tenant Farming

• tenants pay landSwners cash to work on the land

• owned crops not land

• saved money for their own land

Freedmen’s Bureau Acts (Farmers Alliance)

Controls wages, prices, baseline for conditions, how to control commerce, food, healthcare, and education for African Americans and white refugees

Reconstruction Act of 1867

rebuilding a “new South” economically, socially, racially, and physically

Fourteenth Amendment

guaranteed equality for all citizens

Fifteenth Amendment

forbidded any state from denying suffrage on race, color, or previous conditions of service

Enforcement Act of 1870

federal office that allowed them to interfere with citizens rights to vote

Three Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln: defeated states should swear loyalty to the federal government and adopt that states constitution that guaranteed freedmen’s rights, accept emancipation, pardons to former confederates

Johnson: using destroyed land form war to benefit freed people “Forty Acres and a Mule”, Former confederates without property worth $20,000 and to obtain presidential pardon, ratification of 13th amendment

Radical Republicans: extend full citizenship to African Americans, 50% take oath of loyalty, adopt new constitutions rights, ratify 14th amendment to seat representative, divided south into 5 districts

significance of the election of 1876

• ended reconstruction (Federal)

• “brokered deal”

• southern states were guaranteed federal subsides to build railroads

• improve their ports

trend in the “Voter Turnout in South Carolina” chart

• almost 100% of African Americans received the right to vote

• lead to an increase in white voters

  ( both numbers would later decrease)

result of the Plessy v Ferguson Decision

inequality would be the premise that later overturned segregation (happened years later)

six effect of reconstruction

• union is restored

• African Americans gain citizenship and voting rights

• souths economy and infrastructure are improved

• southern states establish public school systems

• KKK and other groups terrorize African Americans

• Sharecropping systems take hold in the south

Henry Grady’s first step to a new south

CONNECT THE CITIES

• allow trade to exist

• rebuild railroads

• re-build major southern cities such as: Atlanta, Dallas, Memphis, and Nashville

four parts of “Radical Plan”

• harsh terms for the south

• advocating full citizenship for all males

• right to vote for anyone

• proper land allocations

  • 40 acres and a Mule (Sherman)

Ulysses Grant for President

• panic (Economic Downturn)

• Grants secretary of war accepted bribes

• “Whiskey Ring” linked grants false tax reports

4 reasons republicans ended reconstruction

• “radicals” lost congressional control

• many believed south should control their own affairs

• reconstruction and federal troops were too costly

• “it ain’t easy to do the right thing”

Boll Weevil (Beetle)

• caused problems with the cotton

• destroyed 30% of cotton production

• hurt southern economy

13th amendment

ended slavery