Expressionism + Electronic Music + Chance Music + African Music
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57 Terms
Expressionism
It is the German answer to French Impressionism.
Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern
These three composers are often referred to as the Second Viennese School.
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
They are the first Viennese school.
September 13, 1874
It is the date of Arnold Schoenberg’s birth.
Leopoldstadt, Austria
The place where Arnold Schoenberg was born.
July 13, 1951
It is the date of Arnold Schoenberg’s death.
Los Angeles, California, United States
It is the place where Arnold Schoenberg died.
Alexander von Zemlinsky
He gave Arnold Schoenberg lessons in counterpoint. Through him, Schoenberg was introduced to the advanced musical circles of Vienna.
Transfigured Night
It is the string sextet Schoenberg wrote when he was twenty-five.
Alban Berg & Anton Webern
Schoenberg became active as a teacher and soon gathered a band of devoted disciples that included _______ and ______.
Boston's Malkin Conservatory
Schoenberg taught at this place briefly when he came to America.
University of Southern California & University of California at Los Angeles
These are the places where he taught in Los Angeles.
October 1934
It is when he moved to Los Angeles because of health reasons.
Chamber Symphony No. 2 (1939)
It is one of Schoenberg’s works that integrates the warm, rich harmonies of late Romanticism with transparent textures and a rhythmically lively, almost neo-classic spirit.
Pierrot Lunaire
His famous song cycle was an Italian comic theatrical entertainment that originated in the mid-sixteenth century.
Clown Pierrot
It is one of the most parodied characters and has been the model of pantomime for centuries.
Realism
The name Schoenberg is inextricably linked in most people's minds with _____.
The six works of Arnold Schoenberg
Suite for String Orchestra (1934)
Concerto for Cello (1933)
Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (1933)
String Quartet No. 4 (1936)
Violin Concerto (1935-36)
Piano Concerto (1942)
The most important development in art music during the last fifty years was the emergence of this type of music.
New instruments such as these are all of which produced sounds electronically and it predicted a future that was quickly realized by the booming revolution of technology.
Two trends simultaneously emerged in the late 1940's and early 1950's: one in France and one in Germany.
It is the composition Stockhausen began working on that integrates the human voice wit electronically generated sound.
By the late 1960's, a new wave of technology was developed.
Synthesis using _______ depends on a series of sine-wave generators acting upon each other to produce new, more complex waveforms.
In the mid-1980s, _______ allowed performers and composers to create realistic-sounding grand piano, trumpet, violin, bird call, car crash, or any other sound that can be sampled.
It is a composition consisted of both electronic and concrete sounds recorded onto a multichannel tape.
He is another experimental contemporary composer who explored mixed media and the possibilities of multichannel tape interacting with live performers and theatrical forms.
Karlheinz Stockhausen
He is a German composer began working on a composition, "Song of the Youth," integrating the human voice with electronically generated sound.
The heart of this system was the oscillator which could generate waveforms each capable of a different timbre.
The waveform could be subjected to filters, reverberation, amplifiers, and other devices that alter sound.
Later these many components would be packaged in a single console with a keyboard interface to become our modern day synthesizer.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
That same year, a standardized communications protocol was adopted by all synthesizers.
It allows the synthesizers not only to communicate with one another but with other devices such as computers, signal processors, drum machines and even mixing boards.
Edgar Varese
One of the pioneers of electronic music was a French Composer whose composition, "Poemeelectronique" consisted of both electronic and concrete sounds recorded onto a multichannel tape.
He combined electronically generated sounds and subjected them to tape music techniques such as altering the tape speed, using filters, and adding reverberation.
Two purposes of Electronic Music
The possibility of creating new sounds
Work directly with sounds and produce a finished work without the help of an intermediary performer.
Milton Babbit
He is another notably important composer in the field of electronic music.
He saw the next step of combining electronic music with live performers.
It is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). The overall form may be indicated but the details are left to choice or chance.
It is a Latin word that means “dice”.
It allowed the players to arrange the fragments of music in a number of different possible sequences.
Today, chance music is evolving. Composers are exploring new sounds, including microtones and electronic music, which broadens the listening experience and adds diversity to the music.
These have liberated not only forms but all the elements of music from the rigid restrictions of the past.
These have made it possible to produce sounds that "lie in the cracks of the piano keys"-the microtonal intervals, such as quarter tones, that are smaller than semitones-and very skilled instrumentalists and vocalists have now mastered the novel scales borrowed from various world music.
These are the microtonal intervals, such as quarter tones, that are smaller than semitones.
They are used to celebrate important life events such as birth, coming of age, marriage and death.
They have simple songs.
They have more complex music with more complicated singing and instrumental music.
They are known for xylophone music.
They have made the art of drum playing a highly developed skill.
It is a technique where a leader sings a phrase and then the chorus repeats the phrase or sings a refrain.
These are among the ancient art forms that have flourished for many centuries in Africa.
These are activities that characterize African musical expression.
It has its roots in the slave estate of Pernambuco state where black African slaves formed religious Brotherhood to preserve African culture and heritage. Each year the crowning of the slave King and Queen was celebrated with music and dance.
They have brought into America their flavor of rhythmic genius and harmonic love for color peculiar to their music.
Africa
It is the second largest continent in the world.
Its people constitute a 10th of the world's population.
They have over 1000 indigenous languages spoken.
Music
It plays a vital part in everyday life in Africa.
It is a part of their religious ceremonies, festivals, and social rituals.
African Music
It consists of short, repetitive melodies.
Elements of this music appear in jazz, spirituals, gospel music, and the popular music of Brazil and the Caribbean.
Drums
These are the most important instruments in African music.
Some of these are made of animal skins and may be played with the fingers. Others consist of hollow logs that the performer beats with sticks.
Valiha
It is a 22-string hollow zither and the National instrument of Madagascar.
This traditional instrument is also heard at social and religious events, circumcision parties, trance, and possession ceremonies.
Mbira
It is a thumb piano made of forged iron Keys bound to a wooden box and often mounted in a gourd to add resonance.
It is the most important instrument in zimbabwe music typically played during social and religious celebrations.