Studied by 42 people
what is the function of the endocrine system
maintain homeostasis
where do hormones come from
endocrine glands
where do hormones go
into the blood, attach to target tissues
what are the two types of diabetes
type 1- insulin dependent, type 2-insulin resistant
what does parathyroid hormone do
tells kidneys to stop releasing calcium in urine and produce more vitamin d, tells osteoblast to have osteoclast to increase bone breakdown
what chemicals does the adrenal medulla release
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what are some of the functions of norepinephrine being released from the adrenal medulla
breakdown of glycogen in the liver for brain and muscles, increase heart rate and bp, increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
what chemicals does the adrenal cortex release
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens
what do glucocorticoids release and what does it do
cortisol, helps regulate blood nutrient levels
what do minealocorticoids release and what does it do
aldosterone, help regulate blood volume and levels of sodium and potassium
what do androgens do
stimulate the development of male characteristics
where is insulin and glucagon produced
pancreas
what type of agent sends a signal to itself
autocrine
what type of agent sends a signal to nearby cells
paracrine
what are produced by neurons and function like hormones
neurohormones
what are from neurons and influence timing or firing of other nearby neurons
neurotransmitters
what are secreted into the environment and influence the physiology and behavior of other individuals
pheromones
what are some functions of the endocrine system
water balance, uterine contractions/milk release, metabolism, ion regulation, regulate hr and bp, blood glucose control, immune system regulation, reproductive regulations control
what part of the endocrine system is responsible for water balance, uterine contractions, milk release, and urine volume control
posterior pituitary gland
what part of the endocrine system is responsible for growth, metabolism, tissue maturation, and reproductive functions control
anterior pituitary gland
what part of the endocrine system is responsible for ion regulation
adrenal glands
which is faster, intercellular or intracellular receptors
intercellular
what types of hormones does the hypothalamus release
releasing and inhibiting
what hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland is responsible for water reabsorption
antidiuretic
what hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland is responsible for uterine contractions and milk let down
oxytocin
what gland is responsible for growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, and prolactin
anterior pituitary gland
what hormones are essential for normal growth and maturation and regulate metabolic rates
t3 and t4
what gland releases t3 and t4
thyroid
what does the thyroid gland release when calcium levels get too high
calcitonin
what hormone helps develop t cells (wbc)
thymosin
what hormones does the pineal body release
melatonin
where do t cells mature
thymus gland
the amount of air from normal inspiration/expiration
tidal volume
the blood vessel that supplies most of the brain tissue branch off of the _____.
circle of willis
what dissolves clots
plasmin
what percent of body weight does your blood make up
8
what is blood made up of
plasma and formed elements
how many liters of blood does the average adult have
5
what are the functions of blood
carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and carry waste away
how many times faster will CO (such as when you smoke) bind to hemoglobin than O2
210
what type of white blood cell is the most common, “first on the scene”, sacrifice themselves to take out bacteria, and turn into pus
neutrophils
what type of white blood cell releases heparin and histamine
basophils
what type of white blood cell reduces inflammation
eosinophils
what type of white blood cell is important in the immune system and take out foreign invaders
lymphocytes
what type of white blood cell becomes macrophages and clean up the mess
monocytes
what substance causes clots
thrombin
what is the universal blood donor
o
what is the universal blood recipient
ab
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle
left is responsible for pumping blood to entire body
what vessels feed the heart tissue
coronary arteries
what wave in an ekg represents atrial depolarization
p wave
what wave in an ekg represents ventricular depolarization
qrs complex
what wave in an ekg represents ventricular repolarization
t wave
what is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute called
cardiac output
what are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, age, heredity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure
where is the cardioregulatory center in the brain
medulla oblongata
what does the adrenal medulla do when there is a drop in pH
release more epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is Starling’s Law
the greater the stretch, the greater the force of the contraction
what type of tissue is the tunica intima made up of
simple squamous
what type of tissue is the tunica media made up of
smooth muscle
what is when arteries lose some of their elasticity, hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
what is a type of arteriosclerosis that is the result of material building up within the walls of the arteries that form plaques
atherosclerosis
what are some risk factors of atherosclerosis
smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, age, heredity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure
what is the longest vein in the body
great saphenous
what is the function of the tonsils
protection from pathogens trying to enter the body through the nose and mouth
what is the function of the lymph nodes
fight against infection
what is the function of the thymus gland
makes thymosin which matures t cells
what is the function of the spleen
controls the levels of rbc, wbc, and platelets
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
fluid balance, fat absorption, defense
what is innate immunity
response is the same every time
what is adaptive immunity
recognizes a specific substance and gets more efficient at defending the body against it with each exposure
what are the tonsils actual name
palatine tonsils
what is active natural immunity
natural exposure, individuals immune system responds
what is active artificial immunity
antigen introduced, individuals immune system responds (vaccine)
what is passive natural immunity
mother to fetus, breastfeeding
what is passive artificial immunity
antivenom
what do b cells specialize in making
antibodies
what do t cells specialize in
detecting virally infected cells
what type of immunity do t cells have
cell mediated
what type of immunity do b cells have
antibody mediated
what is a harmful response to an antigen that does not stimulate an adaptive immune response in most people
allergy
what are the functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange, innate immunity, olfaction, voice production, regulate ph
what is the amount of air moved in a normal breath in
tidal volume
what is how much more air you can breathe in after a normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
what is how much more you can breathe out after a normal exhale
expiratory reserve volume
what is what is left after you have breathed out as much as you can
residual volume
what is maximum inspiration to maximum expiration
vital capacity
what chemoreceptor detects a drop in ph and increase in co2
medullary
what chemoreceptors detects decreases in oxygen
carotid and aorta
what chemoreceptor detects overstretching of the lungs
hering breuer
what chemoreceptor produces a gasp of air when a joint is overstretched
proprioceptor
what structures carry tears away from the eyes
nasolacrimal duct
what is the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood ph
anaerobic threshold
what part of the brainstem controls the diaphragm during respiration
pontine respiratory group
how many liters of fluid do the lymph nodes take on per day
3
what gland will help bring up blood calcium level
parathyroid
where is prolactin secreted from
anterior pituitary
what portion of the brainstem flips the switch between inhalation and exhalation
pons
what makes up the wall of a capillary
simple squamous
where does adrenal cortitropic hormone come from
anterior pituitary
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