bio exam 3

what is the function of the endocrine system

maintain homeostasis

where do hormones come from

endocrine glands

where do hormones go

into the blood, attach to target tissues

what are the two types of diabetes

type 1- insulin dependent, type 2-insulin resistant

what does parathyroid hormone do

tells kidneys to stop releasing calcium in urine and produce more vitamin d, tells osteoblast to have osteoclast to increase bone breakdown

what chemicals does the adrenal medulla release

epinephrine and norepinephrine

what are some of the functions of norepinephrine being released from the adrenal medulla

breakdown of glycogen in the liver for brain and muscles, increase heart rate and bp, increase blood flow to skeletal muscles

what chemicals does the adrenal cortex release

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

what do glucocorticoids release and what does it do

cortisol, helps regulate blood nutrient levels

what do minealocorticoids release and what does it do

aldosterone, help regulate blood volume and levels of sodium and potassium

what do androgens do

stimulate the development of male characteristics

where is insulin and glucagon produced

pancreas

what type of agent sends a signal to itself

autocrine

what type of agent sends a signal to nearby cells

paracrine

what are produced by neurons and function like hormones

neurohormones

what are from neurons and influence timing or firing of other nearby neurons

neurotransmitters

what are secreted into the environment and influence the physiology and behavior of other individuals

pheromones

what are some functions of the endocrine system

water balance, uterine contractions/milk release, metabolism, ion regulation, regulate hr and bp, blood glucose control, immune system regulation, reproductive regulations control

what part of the endocrine system is responsible for water balance, uterine contractions, milk release, and urine volume control

posterior pituitary gland

what part of the endocrine system is responsible for growth, metabolism, tissue maturation, and reproductive functions control

anterior pituitary gland

what part of the endocrine system is responsible for ion regulation

adrenal glands

which is faster, intercellular or intracellular receptors

intercellular

what types of hormones does the hypothalamus release

releasing and inhibiting

what hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland is responsible for water reabsorption

antidiuretic

what hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland is responsible for uterine contractions and milk let down

oxytocin

what gland is responsible for growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, and prolactin

anterior pituitary gland

what hormones are essential for normal growth and maturation and regulate metabolic rates

t3 and t4

what gland releases t3 and t4

thyroid

what does the thyroid gland release when calcium levels get too high

calcitonin

what hormone helps develop t cells (wbc)

thymosin

what hormones does the pineal body release

melatonin

where do t cells mature

thymus gland

the amount of air from normal inspiration/expiration

tidal volume

the blood vessel that supplies most of the brain tissue branch off of the _____.

circle of willis

what dissolves clots

plasmin

what percent of body weight does your blood make up

8

what is blood made up of

plasma and formed elements

how many liters of blood does the average adult have

5

what are the functions of blood

carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and carry waste away

how many times faster will CO (such as when you smoke) bind to hemoglobin than O2

210

what type of white blood cell is the most common, “first on the scene”, sacrifice themselves to take out bacteria, and turn into pus

neutrophils

what type of white blood cell releases heparin and histamine

basophils

what type of white blood cell reduces inflammation

eosinophils

what type of white blood cell is important in the immune system and take out foreign invaders

lymphocytes

what type of white blood cell becomes macrophages and clean up the mess

monocytes

what substance causes clots

thrombin

what is the universal blood donor

o

what is the universal blood recipient

ab

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle

left is responsible for pumping blood to entire body

what vessels feed the heart tissue

coronary arteries

what wave in an ekg represents atrial depolarization

p wave

what wave in an ekg represents ventricular depolarization

qrs complex

what wave in an ekg represents ventricular repolarization

t wave

what is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute called

cardiac output

what are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, age, heredity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure

where is the cardioregulatory center in the brain

medulla oblongata

what does the adrenal medulla do when there is a drop in pH

release more epinephrine and norepinephrine

what is Starling’s Law

the greater the stretch, the greater the force of the contraction

what type of tissue is the tunica intima made up of

simple squamous

what type of tissue is the tunica media made up of

smooth muscle

what is when **arteries lose some of their elasticity, hardening of the arteries**

arteriosclerosis

what is a type of arteriosclerosis that is the result of material building up within the walls of the arteries that form plaques

atherosclerosis

what are some risk factors of atherosclerosis

smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, age, heredity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure

what is the longest vein in the body

great saphenous

what is the function of the tonsils

protection from pathogens trying to enter the body through the nose and mouth

what is the function of the lymph nodes

fight against infection

what is the function of the thymus gland

makes thymosin which matures t cells

what is the function of the spleen

controls the levels of rbc, wbc, and platelets

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

fluid balance, fat absorption, defense

what is innate immunity

response is the same every time

what is adaptive immunity

recognizes a specific substance and gets more efficient at defending the body against it with each exposure

what are the tonsils actual name

palatine tonsils

what is active natural immunity

natural exposure, individuals immune system responds

what is active artificial immunity

antigen introduced, individuals immune system responds (vaccine)

what is passive natural immunity

mother to fetus, breastfeeding

what is passive artificial immunity

antivenom

what do b cells specialize in making

antibodies

what do t cells specialize in

detecting virally infected cells

what type of immunity do t cells have

cell mediated

what type of immunity do b cells have

antibody mediated

what is a harmful response to an antigen that does not stimulate an adaptive immune response in most people

allergy

what are the functions of the respiratory system

gas exchange, innate immunity, olfaction, voice production, regulate ph

what is the amount of air moved in a normal breath in

tidal volume

what is how much more air you can breathe in after a normal breath

inspiratory reserve volume

what is how much more you can breathe out after a normal exhale

expiratory reserve volume

what is what is left after you have breathed out as much as you can

residual volume

what is maximum inspiration to maximum expiration

vital capacity

what chemoreceptor detects a drop in ph and increase in co2

medullary

what chemoreceptors detects decreases in oxygen

carotid and aorta

what chemoreceptor detects overstretching of the lungs

hering breuer

what chemoreceptor produces a gasp of air when a joint is overstretched

proprioceptor

what structures carry tears away from the eyes

nasolacrimal duct

what is the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood ph

anaerobic threshold

what part of the brainstem controls the diaphragm during respiration

pontine respiratory group

how many liters of fluid do the lymph nodes take on per day

3

what gland will help bring up blood calcium level

parathyroid

where is prolactin secreted from

anterior pituitary

what portion of the brainstem flips the switch between inhalation and exhalation

pons

what makes up the wall of a capillary

simple squamous

where does adrenal cortitropic hormone come from

anterior pituitary