FInal exam (global 9)

History

Paleolithic Era

Old Stone Age before written language

Neolithic Era

New Stone Age with farming and settlements

Artifact Study

Examining objects from the past for historical insight

Nomadic Lifestyle

Moving from place to place in search of resources

Egalitarian Society

Equality among individuals with no social classes

Agricultural Revolution

Shift from hunting-gathering to farming and settlements

Job Specialization

Individuals focusing on specific tasks for societal advancement

Oracle Bones

Animal bones used for divination in ancient China

Geographical Impact

Influence of land features on human societies

Domestication of Animals

Taming wild animals for human use and companionship

Mesopotamian Kings

Rulers in ancient Mesopotamia often seen as divine

Standard of Ur

Artifact depicting peace, war, and ancient society hierarchy

Ziggurat of Ur

Ancient temple in Mesopotamia dedicated to a deity

Mohenjo-daro

Ancient city with advanced urban planning in the Indus Valley

Ethnocentrism

Favoring one's own ethnic group over others

Codification

Compiling laws into a single legal code

Hammurabi's Code

Legal code of ancient Mesopotamia with strict punishments

Asoka's Edicts

Inscriptions promoting Buddhist values by the Mauryan Emperor

Indian Ocean Complex

Sea routes connecting major regions for trade and cultural exchange

Vedas

Ancient Sanskrit texts forming the basis of Hinduism

Samsara

Cycle of reincarnation in Hindu belief

Karma

Concept of actions and consequences in Hindu philosophy

Dharma

Duty and moral responsibility in Hinduism

Caste System

Social hierarchy with assigned duties, priests at the top

Buddhism

Founded in India to achieve nirvana and follow the Eightfold Path

Citizenship in Greece/Rome

Distinct classes, tribunes for plebeians, 509 BC republic

Legalism

Chinese doctrine for strict rule and harsh punishments

Confucianism

Emphasizes social order, filial piety, and key relationships

Golden Age

Period of prosperity with advancements in technology and ideas

Pericles and the Greek Empire

Athens leader in Delian League, heavy on mythology

Silk Road

Trade route facilitating cultural diffusion from China to Rome

Han Empire

Introduced gunpowder, civil service exam, and paper

Consolidation of Power

Efforts to strengthen rule in various ancient civilizations

Alexander the Great

Conqueror blending cultures from Greece to India

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Christianity spread, political crisis, invasions by Barbarians

Byzantine Empire

Survived Roman Empire's fall, Justinian's code, Great Schism

Feudalism

Power structure with lords, vassals, and serfs in medieval Europe

Crusades

Wars for the holy land, increased power of Pope and kings

Islam

Religion with 5 pillars, no clergy, Sunni and Shiites branches

Islam Golden Age

Period of advancements in Baghdad during Abbasid Dynasty

African Trading States

Wealthy cities like Timbuktu trading gold and salt across the Sahara

Trade Routes/Networks

Silk Road and other routes facilitating cultural exchange and trade

Justinian's Code

Legal system for peace and harmony created by Justinian

Great Schism

Split between Orthodox Christian Church and RCC, won by RCC

Manorialism

Economic aspect of feudalism, self-sufficient manor system

Korea

Cultural bridge with trade, developed Hangul language for independence

Tang/Song China

Civil service exam, Confucianism, silk trade, inventions like printing press

Japan

Feudal society, samurai class, Shogun, and introduction of new religions

Mongols

Nomadic warriors with religious tolerance, advanced technology, and Silk Road control

Aztec Empire

Extensive road network, postal service, and city planning with chinampas

Inca Empire

Terrace farming, Mita labor system, and diplomacy in expanding territories

Road System

Facilitated troop movement for control in the empire

Renaissance

Revival of classical culture in 1300s Italy

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the printing press in the mid-1400s

Humanism

Renaissance focus on individual potential and the present

Patronage

Rich sponsors paid artists for works in the Renaissance

Gutenberg's Press Impact

Lowered book costs, increased accessibility and knowledge

Martin Luther

Monk who challenged RCC practices with 95 Theses

Zheng He

Led Chinese exploration voyages in the Indian Ocean

Tribute System

Foreign officials paid tribute to the Ming Emperor for trade

Isolationism

China's policy to protect tradition by cutting off trade

Ottoman Empire

Conquered Constantinople, led by Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman ruler known for legal reforms and public works

Age of Exploration

European expansion driven by Glory, God, and Gold

Columbian Exchange

Global exchange of goods and cultures after Columbus's voyage

Caravel

Advanced ship design aiding in exploration

Columbus's Voyage Impact

Connected Eastern and Western Hemispheres, transforming environments

Castas

Social hierarchy system used in the Americas by Europeans

European Monarchs

Sought control over new resources through conquest

Scientific Revolution

Innovations aiding European exploration in the 15th century

State Conflict

Competition among European monarchs for overseas empires

Native American Impact

Decimation of populations due to European conquest and diseases

Silk Road Trade

Ancient trade network connecting Europe and Asia

Indian Ocean Trade

Maritime trade network connecting Africa, Asia, and the Middle East

Trans Saharan Trade

Trade network crossing the Sahara Desert in Africa

Middle-East Trade Networks

Extensive trade routes connecting the Middle East with other regions

Easter Hemisphere

Refers to the Old World

Biological exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds

Encomienda system

Spanish system where Native Americans were forced to work for Spanish landlords

Atlantic Slave Trade

Trading of African slaves to the Americas

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that kings receive their power from God

Louis XIV

French monarch known for his absolutist rule and construction of Versailles

Sun King

Title given to Louis XIV, symbolizing his power

Versailles Palace

Opulent palace near Paris symbolizing French royal power

Peter the Great

Russian ruler who modernized and expanded Russia

St. Petersburg

Capital city built by Peter the Great to access trade via the Baltic Sea

Westernization of Russia

Adoption of European customs and values in Russia

English Civil War

Conflict in England resulting in the execution of the king and rise of parliamentary rule

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful transition of power in England to a parliamentary monarchy

Enlightenment Despots

Rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas in governing

Social contract

Concept where people agree to be governed in exchange for protection of their rights

Hobbes

Philosopher advocating for absolute monarchy due to human nature

Locke

Philosopher supporting constitutionalism and natural rights

Rousseau

Enlightenment thinker emphasizing equality and freedom

Diderot's Encyclopedia

Publication providing accessible information challenging authority

Catherine the Great

Enlightenment despot of Russia who modernized but retained slavery

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution marked by mass executions

Robespierre

Revolutionary leader during the French Revolution known for his radical actions

Committee of Public Safety

Revolutionary committee in France responsible for enforcing policies during the Reign of Terror