Perspectives of Latin America Final Exam

There are ____ states in Latin America

33

There are ____ territories in Latin America

20

The two prevalent phenotypes in Bermuda and the Lesser Antilles are

black and mulatto

There are ____ countries in Continental Central America

7

A central American country that does not speak Spanish is

Belize

The name of the Caribbean is in honor of the

Caribs Indigenous peoples

The union of Central America is represented in the flag of

Honduras

In what region of Latin America are the largest number of territories?

Caribbean

How many archipelagos are there in Latin America?

2

Latin American archipelagos are

Bahamas and the Antilles

Which archipelago is the smallest?

Bahamas

The 13 independent states of the Caribbean

Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevus, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent/Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago

Which is the smallest of the Greater Antilles?

Puerto Rico

The name of the first place where Columbus and his crew arrived in their first voyage is

Guanahani

The other two names of this place are

San Salvador and Watling

In what archipelago is located this tiny island?

Bahamas

The five European languages spoken in Latin America...

Spanish- Puerto Rico, English- Jamaica, French- Haiti, Portuguese- Brazil, Dutch- Suriname

10/17 colonies that we find in the Caribbean

Turks and Caicos, Puerto Rico, UK Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Martin, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Barthelemy, Monserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique

What is the largest colony of the Caribbean?

Puerto Rico

How many European languages are spoken in South America?

2

What 2 European languages are spoken in South America?

Spanish and Portuguese

What Latin American Country has no outlet to the sea?

Bolivia

In South America there are a total of ____ countries. Which one is not a free country?

13, French Guiana

The original Spanish name for the Falkland Islands is

Islas Malvinas

They were taken away from _____ by _____ in 1834

Argentina, the UK

Another name for a possession or territory is

colony

There are ____ Spanish speaking countries in Latin America

19

The Lucayan islands refer to the

Bahamas

What is the prevalent phenotype in the Caribbean?

Mulatto/African

The largest country of Latin America is

Brazil

The total population of Latin America is around

650 million

What statement about Bermuda falls in line with our definition of Latin America?

Bermuda shares a similar culture with English speaking Caribbean islands

The creole language of the Black, Mulatto, and Zambo community or Aruba, Bonaire, and Curazao is called

Papiamento

The Organization of American States (OAS) is supposed to include the free and independent countries (states) of the Americas. The only non Latin American members of the OAS are US and Canada. How many members should the OAS have?

35

The fact that there 5 European languages are spoken in the Caribbean indicate that

there was a huge struggle to control the Caribbean

What are the prevalent phenotypes in the Andean region? (the plateaus and highlands of Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, for example)

indigenous and mestizo

When defining Latin America and its peoples, which one of these criteria is best?

Cultural history (and geography)

Which one does not belong in this set: latifundium, land reform, poverty, oligarchy, monoculture?

Poverty because the rest are structural problems

Which one does not belong to this set: undernutrition, mass emigration, illiteracy, corruption, raw material exports?

Raw material exports because the rest are nonstructural problems

What are 6 structural problems of Latin America?

latifundium, land reform, oligarchy, monoculture, militarism

The main export in Venezuela is oil; in Cuba, sugar; in Chile, copper; in Uruguay, meat. This abnormal process, which affects most Latin American countries, is called

monoculture

Monoculture is a characteristic of _____ countries; diversifying the production is a characteristic of ____ countries.

underdeveloped, developed

Colonialism is the direct intervention and control of a country by a foreign country. The intervened country is a colony of the interventionist country. The interventionist country is the metropolis. This is classic and plain colonialism. Since the creation of the United Nations, most countries of the world have gone through process of decolonization. International law prohibits colonization. Nevertheless, the countries look for ways to subject free countries to their hegemony, for example, through loans, threats, economic sanctions, and even blackmail. This new form of economic domination is called

neocolonialism

Some countries in Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina) are struggling to become developed countries. Although they are not underdeveloped countries anymore, they are not yet developed countries. They are ____ countries.

developing

Underdeveloped countries are also called third world countries, _____ or ____ countries

developing, emergent

England had severe protectionist (proteccionism) policies when it started the process of capital accumulation. This economic doctrine is called protectionism. Once England became the leader of the industrial revolution, it started practicing the opposite economic doctrine which is called

free trade

The practice of diversifying the production is practiced by

metropolitan countries

The concentration of huge extensions of land in the hands of one person or a few persons is called

latifundium

The main cause of the Civil War in the US was

to eradicate latifundia and monoculture and to unify the country

Colonialism is to neocolonialism as liberalism is to

neoliberalism

To eliminate the problem of latifundium in Latin America, the governments

have to implement a land reform

The 6 basic phenotypes

indigena, european, mestizo, mulatto, zambo, african

5 indigenous languages of Latin America

Nahuatl- Mexico, Maya- Guatemala and Honduras, Quecha- Peru and Ecuador, Aymara- Bolivia, Guarani- Paraguay, Mapuche- Chile, Chibcha- Columbia

Papiamento is spoken in

Aruba, Bonaire, Curazao, and Suriname

Garifuna is spoken in

Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize

The indigenous peoples of Latin America crossed through ____ about ___ years ago

Bering Strait, 40,000

In 1492, e estimated population of indigenous people in Latin America was

100 million

This population was reduced to ___ in about two centuries

3.5 million

Today, there are about ____ indigenous people in Latin America

45-50 million

____ as a very important cacica (women leader of a chiefdom) who lived in the island of Hispaniola (La Espanola: present day Haiti and Dominican Republic)

Anacoana

The three great macro-ethics of Latin America are the ____ from Central Mexico, the ____ who were concentrated in Guatemala, Honduras and southern Mexico, and the ___ mainly from Peru and Ecuador

Aztecs, Mayans, Incas

Evo Morales, Bolivia's ex-president, comes from a mixed family: his mother is indigenous and his father is European descendent. The phenotype that better characterizes Morales is

Mestizo

According to tradition 7 of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayans, all men and women were created out of mud, but it rained and all the men and women ere dissolved in the tempest and they perished. Then they were made out of wood , but in a fire they were burned and they perished. Finally, they were made out of ____ and they developed deep roots that grew deep into the earth, and they lasted forever. Latin American men and women are attached to the land, and they need it to survive. They can't be deprived of a piece of land to cultivate their corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, and other vegetables and fruits. Symbolically, this passage helps explain the migratory waves from the ____ to the _____ to the huge metropolis like NY and LA and Chicago.

maize, country side, cities

Of the 4 stages social stratification was more developed in

the state

Among the most important plants domesticated in ancient America were pumpkins, beans, and the most important of all

maize

Other domesticated plants in ancient America were manioc, also called ____ a starchy root cultivated by the Tainos, Caribs, and chibchas in the tropics and the ____ in Peru.

yuca, potato

The 2 civilizations more represented in the postclassic period are

Aztec and Inca

Although hunting and fishing, and the craft industry were important productive activities, economic life in Aztec Mexico rested on a base of ____ and _____ agriculture.

intensive, extensive

Among these social classes, merchants, the priesthood, the artisans, the spaniards, which one was the main integrating force in Aztec society?

the priesthood

The capital of the Aztec empire was

Tenochtitlan

The dominant Mesoamerican state in the classic period was

Teotinuacan

The capital of the Inca empire was

Cuzco

Two aboriginal people of the Iberian Peninsula are

Iberians and Celts

There are two countries in the Iberian Peninsula: located at the Atlantic coast in the west band is _____ and bordering the Mediterranean in the east coast is ___

Portugal, Spain

The ____ invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 215 BCE, and imposed their culture, institutions, laws, and values. Their language was ____ which gave birth to spanish.

Romans, Latin

The Muslim Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula in _____ and occupied it for approximately ___ centries.

711 CE, 7

The christian kingdoms united and started a war against the arabs in order to "regan their lost ___ and ___." The name of the war was_____

lands, serfs, The Reconquest War

4 important happenings that took place in Spain 1492

Queen Isabella (Castille) and King Ferdinand (Aragon) get married, Spain is united, Muslims are ejected from the Arab kingdom of Granada. so were the Jews, Columbus is funded to search for a new route to Asia

The Catholic sovereigns were: _____ from Castille and _____ from Aragon.

Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand

One of the harsh measures imposed by the Catholic Monarchs was the establishment in 1478 of the ___ a church tribunal to burn heretic in the bonfire.

Inquisition

One of the worst measures of the Catholic Sovereigns in Spain was the expulsion of the ____ who were excellent merchants, and the expulsion of the ____ who controlled the ____

Arabs, Jews, finances

Before going to Castile to ask support for his project, Columbus had gone to ____ but the King's advisors rejected his proposal

Lisbon

Vasco de Gama, at the service of _____ circumnavigated ____ and arrived to India. He came back with a shipload of _____ and was honored by the court.

Portuguese Crown, Africa, spices

Columbus and his crew sailed westward, looking for a path to ____. The first place they saw and visited was ____, which is located in the archipelago of _____

India, Guanahani, Bahamas

The indigenous name of the island where the Spaniards built the Christmas Fortress (el Fortin de la Navidad) is ____. Columbus renamed it ___. Curently the island is shared by two countries: ___ in which French is spoken and _____

Quisqueya, Hispaniola, Haiti, Dominican Republic

Columbus made ___ voyages to the Americas. He never found a path to Asia.

4

The path to Asia was found by ____ who at the service of Spain rounded _____ and crossed into the ____ ocean. He invaded the archipelago of the ____. He took possession of this archipelago and renames it in honor of King Phillip II of Spain. It took him and his crew ___ years to circumnavigate the earth, this proving the earth was round.

Ferdinand Magellan, South America, Pacific, the Philippines, 3

In 1519, Cortes leaves Cuba with a total of ___ soldiers in order to conquer Mexico, a region of about 25 million inhabitants.

600

He was authorized by _____ the governor of Cuba. But later, the permit was revoked.

Velazquez

When Cortes arrived into the coast of Mexico he made ____ with the caciques and indigenous chiefs. In that way, they would defend each other.

alliances

He brought with him ___ a girl who served him as an interpreter, advisor, spy, and mistress. Nowadays, in Mexico, her name is synonym of treason.

Malinche

Before departing for Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, Cortes collected 1/5 of the king, and sent it to Spain. Then he _____ the ships, so that no one could escape Cuba.

burned

When Moctezuma _____ learned about Cortes and the Spaniards, he thought that Cortes was ____ a benign god who a long time ago was expelled from Mexico. He also thought that this god was coming back to fight for his throne.

Emperor, Quetzalcoatl

In his way to meet Moctezuma, Cortes made an alliance with ___ a state that had not been vanquished by the Aztecs.

Tlaxcala

In order to prove his fidelity to this alliance, Cortes had to attack ____ a city where he staged a massacre that wiped out the nobility and hundreds of warriors of that city.

Cholula

With thousands of indigenous allies, cortes arrived to _______. Ina very audacious and swift move, he managed to capture ____ and keep him captive as if he were his guest.

Moctezuma

Several months have passed with _____ captured as a guest-prisoner, when Cortes had news that ______ had sent from Cuba 900 troops to capture him.

Moctezuma, Governor Velazquez

When Cortes went down to the coast to subdue the soldiers, Pedro de Alvarado and the Spaniards committed a ____ against the Aztec nobility: they assassinated more than 1,000 to steal their necklaces, bracelets, and golden objects.

massacre

When Cortes arrived back to the capital of the city, the Aztecs had _____ and were fighting against the Spaniards.

revolted

The people threw stones and arrows to _____ who, although captive of the Spaniards, had exited to the balconies of the palace to calm them down.

Moctezuma