AP lang unit one formative assessment study guide

Appositives

a noun that adds a second image to a prior noun in the sentence separated by a comma (Non-essential)

Participles

an -ing verb placed at the beginning or end of a sentence separated by a comma (Non-essential)

Absolutes

a two word combination, a noun and an -ing verb added to a sentence (beginning or end)

What Participles do

create movement, add details, and create images

What appositives do

add clarity, add imagery, and persuade readers

Space Cat- Speaker

Who is the speaker/writer? What do we know about them? What can you tell or what do you know about the speaker that helps you understand the point of view expressed?

Space cat-Purpose

What is the speaker/writer hoping you accomplish? What is the reason behind this piece? What do they want the audience to do after having listened?

Space cat-Audience

Who is the speaker/writer hoping to accomplish? How do we know? Do they indicate a specific audience? What assumptions exist in the text about the intended audience?

Space cat-Context

What is the time and place of this piece? What is happening in the world as it relates to the subject of the speech or the speaker/writer?

Space cat-Exigence

What was the spark or catalyst that moved the speaker/writer to act/write? How did that event impact the speaker/writer?

Space cat-Choices

What are the rhetorical choices that the speaker/writer makes in the speech? Think about overall structure, devices, diction, syntax, etc.

Space cat-Appeals

Which of the three rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, logos) are present in the text? Where? Why?

Space cat-Tone

What is the speaker/author’s attitude toward the subject? Is the tone the same throughout the whole piece? Where does it shift? What evidence is there to demonstrate the tone?

Terms: Exigence

the specific event, problem, or situation that prompts the author to create; something urgent and consequential

Terms: Audience

the intended consumers of the message

Terms: Constraints

beliefs, attitude, documents, facts, traditions, images, interests, motives and the like

Terms: Context

the influential circumstances surrounding writing or speech outside the rhetorical situation; this term can be used to describe all additional constraints not considered in the rhetorical situation-a general “catch all” term

Terms: Speaker

the person generating writing or speech

Rhetorical situation includes

exigence, audience, constraints, speaker, purpose, choices

Context includes

Time of day, temperature in room, the speaker’s outfit, setting/location

Antithesis

the use of contrasting concepts, words, or sentences within parallel grammatical structures.

Repetition

The intentional repetition of the same word or phrases for rhetorical effect

Restatement

stating the same idea in new ways

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect

Analogies

is often used casually to mean metaphor or unconventional comparison

Loaded words

Words that carry significant emotional weight; words and phrases that evoke very strong emotions.

Anecdotes

Brief, tangential personal stories that illustrate a rhetorical point. These stories are different from specific examples; they relate to the main topic thematically. They illustrate.

Extended metaphors

builds multiple points of comparison between the same two subjects across a longer passage or entire work.

Rhetoric

The art of persuasive language, both in speech and writing

The Message

The speaker/writer’s decisive stance on a topic. That position is shaped into a concise statement with an intended call-to-action.

The medium

The vehicle through which the message is delivered

Example of medium

A speech, An essay, A tweet, A blog post, A presentation, etc...

The intent

Goal to make the reader/viewer feel a certain way, Goal to make the reader act, vote, or think differently, and Goal to inform or persuade

The tone

The author’s/speaker’s attitude toward the subject Usually described with an adjective, Empathetic, condescending, informative, bitter, joyful, etc...

The style

Artistic choices in the medium, Use of metaphor, Use of rhetorical questions, Use of statistics, and Choice of diction. There are many, many style choices within any given medium

Ethos

Appeals to the audience’s sense of morality and values and Perceived credibility of the speaker

Pathos

Appeals to the audience’s sense emotion and sentiments, their feelings

Logos

Appeals to the audience’s sense of reason and logic