[01.07] CMD - Approach to the Worker V2.pdf

Generational, gender, and racial/ethnic

What three types of diversity constitute changes in the workforce?

Aging population

Which population segment remaining in the workforce brings concerns about chronic noncommunicable diseases?

Fall risk

What is a specific safety risk associated with an aging workforce?

Infectious diseases

Increased racial and ethnic diversity in the workforce can lead to higher exposure to what type of diseases?

Remote work

The general acceptance of what type of work has expanded workspaces beyond the four walls of an office?

Work-related stress and anxiety

What can result from a decreased presence of individuals in an office setting?

Degraded cardiovascular health

Besides stress and anxiety, what is an implication of workspace changes on physical health?

Cognitively complex

Work is becoming more dependent on social or soft skills and technical competence, making it more what?

Human employees being replaced by robots

What change in hazardous workplaces is intended to improve safety?

Employer-employee relationship

There has been a shift away from what standard type of work relationship?

Independent contractors and temporary workers

Which two types of workers are often not covered by DOLE OSH standards?

Health insurance and annual physical exams

Independent workers may lack access to what two company-provided benefits?

Work-related COVID-19 infection

What was the most common occupational disease in the Philippines in 2021?

Back pain

What was the most common occupational disease prior to the pandemic?

Neck-shoulder pain

What is the third most common occupational disease in the Philippines as of 2021?

Occupational dermatitis

Which condition followed back pain and neck-shoulder pain as common before the pandemic?

Open wounds

What is the most common type of occupational injury in the Philippines?

Wrists and hands

In which body parts are the majority of occupational injuries located?

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Which occupation experiences the most injuries?

Machines and equipment

What is the top agent of injury for plant and machine operators?

Stepping on or striking against objects

What is the leading cause of occupational injury?

Department of Labor and Employment

Which government agency is the primary regulatory body for OSH in the private sector?

Occupational Safety and Health Standards

What set of rules contains the administrative and technical requirements to reduce workplace hazards?

Public sector

Which sector is generally excluded from DOLE OSH standards?

Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1 Series of 2020

Which regulation handles the OSH of the public sector?

Civil Service Commission

Which agency, along with DOH and DOLE, developed OSH standards for government offices?

Presidential Decree 442

What is the decree number for the Labor Code of the Philippines?

RA 11058

Which law strengthened compliance with OSH standards and provided penalties for violations?

Drug-Free Workplace and Mental Health in the Workplace

What are two examples of DOLE-mandated programs?

Prevention of lifestyle diseases and hearing conservation

What are two examples of health-related programs mandated by DOLE?

Physical, mental, and social well-being

Occupational health aims to promote and maintain the highest degree of what three aspects of health?

Worker capacity and working environment

Occupational health focuses on improving which two factors for better health and safety?

Multidisciplinary

Occupational health is defined as what type of field because it involves several disciplines?

Occupational medicine, ergonomics, and industrial hygiene

What are three of the several disciplines that make up occupational health?

Occupational safety

Which branch of occupational health deals specifically with preventing injuries and hazards?

Occupational medicine

Which branch of preventive medicine seeks to identify and modify adverse effects of workplace factors?

Maintenance of health of workers

What is a primary concern of doctors practicing occupational medicine?

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

What does the acronym HIRA stand for in the surveillance of high-risk groups?

Hazard

What term refers to any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects?

Risk

What is the term for the chance or probability that a person will be harmed if exposed to a hazard?

Safety hazard

Which type of hazard is associated with unsafe working conditions that can cause immediate injury?

Health hazard

Which type of hazard involves working conditions or substances that have the potential to cause illness over time?

Immediate

What is the typical timeframe for the consequence of a safety hazard?

Latency

What term describes the period between exposure to a health hazard and the development of a disease?

Electrical and mechanical

What are two categories of safety hazards?

Poor housekeeping

Slips, trips, and falls are hazards resulting from what?

Confined spaces

What term describes areas with limited access and egress that may pose risks of oxygen deficiency or toxic atmospheres?

Vapor, dust, mist, fumes, and gas

What are the five forms of airborne chemical concentrations?

Vapor

What form of chemical hazard is created when liquid or organic solvents evaporate?

Mist

What is a dispersion of liquid particles in the air, often associated with acids and bases?

Fumes

What is a volatilized solid that condensates upon contact with air, often associated with welding?

Inhalation

What is the most common route of entry for chemical hazards?

Lead poisoning and arsenic exposure

What are two adverse effects associated with metal hazards?

Threshold Limit Value

What term refers to the maximum concentration of a substance a person can be exposed to in an 8-hour day without adverse effects?

85 decibels

What is the TLV for noise in the Philippines?

115 decibels

According to OSHS, no exposure is allowed for continuous noise exceeding how many decibels?

Acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss

What are two adverse effects of noise exposure?

Whole-body vibration

What type of vibration is associated with riding heavy equipment like tractors or forklifts?

Segmental vibration

What is another term for high-frequency vibration transmitted to the hands and arms from power tools?

Vibration-induced white finger syndrome

What is the common name for Primary Raynaud's disease caused by vibration?

Hyperpyrexia and heat exhaustion

What are two adverse effects of extreme heat?

Frostbite and immersion foot

What are two adverse effects of extreme cold?

Insufficient illumination

What hazard can cause difficulty seeing details and eye strain?

Glare

What term describes discomforting brightness caused by reflected light?

Decompression sickness

What is the primary adverse effect of barometric pressure hazards?

Leukemia, cataracts, and bone cancer

What are three adverse effects of radiation?

Biological hazards

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites fall under which hazard category?

Repetitive motion, static posture, and awkward posture

What are three common causes of ergonomic hazards?

Low back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome

What are two examples of work-related muscular disorders caused by ergonomic hazards?

Psychosocial hazards

Traumatic events, high job demands with low control, and aggression are examples of what?

General diseases

What type of disease occurs in the population at large with a weak or unclear relationship to work factors?

Occupational diseases

Which diseases are characterized by a specific or strong relation to an occupation, generally with only one causal agent?

Work-related diseases

Which diseases have multiple causal agents where the work environment plays a partial role?

Exposure-effect relationship

What must be established to classify a condition as an occupational disease?

Multifactorial

How are work-related diseases described because they are partially caused by work but involve other risk factors?

Hill's Criteria

What is the commonly used approach for causal inference of observed associations?

Strength of Association

Which Hill's criterion is measured by the risk ratio?

Consistency

Which Hill's criterion asks if similar results have been shown in other studies?

Specificity of Association

Which Hill's criterion suggests a one-to-one relationship between cause and effect?

Temporal Relationship

Which Hill's criterion requires that exposure must precede the outcome?

Biological Gradient

Which Hill's criterion is synonymous with a dose-response relationship?

Plausibility

Which Hill's criterion asks if the association makes sense based on current scientific knowledge?

Evidence of disease, evidence of exposure, and epidemiologic data

What are three factors DOLE-OSHC considers when determining work-relatedness?

Establish causation and determine fitness for work

What are two primary reasons to take an occupational history?

Basic level

Which level of occupational history uses knowledge of current occupation and its implications for employment?

Diagnostic level

Which level investigates an association with present illness for possible compensation?

Screening level

Which level involves individual medical surveillance to check for developed diseases or complications?

Comprehensive level

Which level investigates complex problems in depth, often in consultation with other professionals?

Quick survey

What should a clinician do first when unfamiliar with different types of work?

Better or worse at home versus work

What should you ask a patient to determine if symptoms have a temporal link to the workplace?

PPE use and control measures

Besides the job description, what two items should you ask about regarding the current work environment?

Recall bias

What type of bias occurs when a patient is unaware of hazards or their levels of exposure?

Fear of losing their job

What is a common reason patients might not reveal information about their work?

Lifetime history

What should be documented starting from recent work and going backwards with specific dates?

Military history

What type of history should be asked about because of potential exposure to materials not available to the general public?

Material Safety Data Sheets

What can a clinician check for data on chemical effects and proper handling?

Non-work exposures

Hobbies, home environment, and water sources are categories of what?

Primary prevention

Which level of prevention implements interventions before there is evidence of disease?

Secondary prevention

Which level implements interventions after a disease has begun but before it is symptomatic?

Tertiary prevention

Which level implements interventions after a disease or injury is established to prevent sequelae?