UGA SOCI 1101 Exam 2

socialization

the process through which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a society and learn to function as its members

id

inherited instinctive component of freud’s personality model; unconscious and impulsive

ego

influenced by the external world, handles decision making

superego

ethical and moral component of personality that balances the impulsive and brings in morality, rather than just realism

Me

The part of Mead’ s theory which represents how societal expectations shape the self

I

the part of mead’s theory which encompasses the actual self

generalized other

perspective and expectations of a network of others which children learn to consider and let shape their behavior

preparatory stage

stage of development where children mimic or imitate others

play stage

stage of development where children pretend to play the role of a significant other

game stage

stage of development where children play in an organized manner and take the actual perspective of the generalized other

dramaturgy

analyzing social life in terms of similarities to theatrical performance

impression management

controlling the impressions of those around us

front

setting or scene which helps define a situation

region

context in which the performance takes place; location, decor, props

personal front

appearance, manner, dress, age, race, gender

front stage

where you actually deliver your performance

back stage

where you prepare and rehearse

face

behaviors that help us save face or avoid embarrassment

agents of socialization

social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place

hidden curriculum

unwritten rules and unofficial norms in the context of where learning and teaching takes place

resocialization

replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as part of a transition in life

total institutions

individuals cut off from the rest of society for the purpose of control, regulation, and systematically stripping away previous roles and identities to create new ones

status

part of merton’s role theory: position that comes with a set of expectations

role

part of merton’s role theory: set of behaviors expected from a particular status

status set

part of merton’s role theory: all of the statuses you occupy

role strain

part of merton’s role theory: contradictory expectations within one role

role conflict

part of merton’s role theory: occupying two or more roles with contradictory expectations

role exit

part of merton’s role theory: the process of leaving a role you will no longer fill

ascribed status

part of merton’s role theory: status you are born with; usually difficult or impossible to change

achieved status

part of merton’s role theory: status earned through effort or imposed

embodied status

part of merton’s role theory: generated through physical characteristics

master status

part of merton’s role theory: effect of all other statuses which makes up your complete status

role-taking emotions

being able to see things from someone else’s point of view

feeling rules

socially constructed norms regarding appropriate feelings and displays of emotion

emotional labor

evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotions

saturated self

self is developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources

group

collection of at least two people; share some attribute and identify with one another and have an ongoing relationship

primary group

most important to our sense of self; includes face-to-face interaction, cooperation, and belonging

secondary group

large collections of people; more formal relationships built on a specific goal, temporary

aggregate

collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relationships

crowd

temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not remain in contact

category

people who share attributes but lack a sense of common identity or belonging

social network

ties connecting people to each other

tie

the content of a relationship, can be strong or weak

embeddedness

degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network

social capital

information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter networks or gain power in them

reference group

the standard of evaluation a person compares themself to

group cohesion

sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group which they belong

group think

happens in very cohesive groups and encourages conformity and unanimous agreement

social influence

group impact on others decisions

compliance

going along with something because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishment

identification

going along with something because of desire to maintain relationships with a person or group

internalization

strongest kind of group influence where a person adopts the beliefs of a group or leader as their own

social loafing

contributing less as more people are added to a task; people can be inefficient when working in teamsco

social identity theory

need of individuals to feel a sense of belonging

coercive power

uses threat of force

influential power

supported by persuasion

traditional authority

power based on custom, birthright, or divine right

legal-rational authority

power based in laws, rules, or procedures

charismatic authority

power based on perception or remarkable personal qualities

instrumental leadership style

task oriented

expressive leadership style

focuses on maintaining authority

mcdonaldization

spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying dehumanization (built in efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control)

social deviance

behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

social control

techniques and strategies that regulate behavior (formal/informal and positive/negative)

deviant heroes

violates norms and risks repercussions of doing so with the intent to create positive social change

strain theory

conflict between cultural goals and means

conformity

part of merton’s ideas; happens when an individual works towards traditional goals and means

innovation

part of merton’s ideas; happens when a person gives up hope on goals, but still operates according to societal standards

retreatism

part of merton’s ideas; happens when a person renounces both goals and means to live outside of cultural norms

rebellion

part of merton’s ideas; happens when a person rejects cultural goals and means and creates their own

social disorganization theory

deviance and crime is connected to the social and economic structure where people live

collective efficacy

the willingness of neighbors to intervene against perpetrators and make positive changes in the neighborhood

broken windows theory

argues that monitoring and punishing for trivial offenses will discourage committing more serious offenses and vice versa