HISTORY TEST

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education

Thurgood Marshall brought a school segregation case to the Supreme Court challenging the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson "separate BUT equal" "all deliberate speed"

Montgomery Bus Boycotts

In 1966 that Rosa Parks appeared in court for her refusal to move seats in an Alabama bus Martin Luther King was elected to lead them, non-violent resistance. Alabama's laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional.

Crisis at Little Rock

In September 1957, the school board in Little Rock, Arkansas requiring nine African American students to be admitted to Central High.
The governor, running for re-election on the promise of being a defender of white supremacy. President Eisenhower sent U.S. army troops to oversee.

The Sit-In Movement

In February 1960, four black college students sat at a whites-only counter to order coffee ignited a wildfire of similar protests as news spread quickly, similar protest movements would spread to 100 different cities.

The Freedom Riders

Bus travel remained segregated in the south. By May 1961, teams of black and white volunteers who became known as The Freedom Riders were met with baseball bats, chains, and lead pipes. Mayor Bull Connor had commissioned local KKK members to beat them.

"I Have a Dream" and the 1964 Civil Rights Act

On August 28, 1963, 250,000 demonstrators gathered at the Washington D.C. Lincoln Memorial to hear "I Have a Dream" speech.
Signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act in July, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to bridge the gap of economic inequality.

The Selma March and the 1965 Voting Rights Act

In December 1964, King received the
Nobel Peace Prize saying, 'We are not asking; we are demanding the ballot." On March 7, 1965, King set out with 600 protestors in a 50-mile "march for freedom" between Selma and Montgomery. The local law enforcement that beat them so badly "Bloody Sunday." 1965 Voting Rights Act 250,000 new African Americans had registered to vote

The Feminine Movement

By the 1960's nearly half of American women worked but three-fourths of them worked in lower-paying clerical, sales, or factory jobs. Kennedy's Commission, Betty Friedan published her book The Feminine Mystique

Latinos Organize

From 1900-1930, in Los Angeles rose from 15,000 to 150,000, During WW2, 3.7 million Mexicans were deported. In 1965, Cesar Chavez organized a national boycott of grapes to protest unfair work buying grapes. In 1966, Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged to form Farm Workers

The Student Protest Era and the Hippie Movement

By the mid-1960s the Baby Boomer
Generation By 1970, 58% of Americans creating a cultural shift in ideology. Sense of freedom, independence, and critical thinking. It was on college campuses that the youth protest movement began. Starting at UC Berkeley in December 1964, where more than 700 protestors were arrested, arose the Hippie Movement

The Context for the Vietnam War

Vietnam was a nation under China's control for hundreds of years, then under France's control from the late 1800's to the start of WW2, and finally under Japanese control after 1940. In 1945, when the war ended, Japan was forced to give up control and Ho Chi Minh, who formed the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930, create a domino effect

The Vietnam War Escalates

From 1961 to 1963, the number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam jumped from 2,000 to 15,000 but after two North Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on U.S destroyers in August 1964, that number reached 180,000 by the end of 1965. The war would drag on until 1975, the war would take the lives of more than 1,000,000 Vietnamese, 300,000 Cambodians, 50,000 Laotians, and 58,220 American soldiers, with another 250,000 refugees

The Antiwar Movement

In 1965, about 2/3 of all Americans approved of U.S. policy in
Vietnam, but with each passing year, the credibility gap grew between what the Johnson and Nixon administrations were saying and what actually appeared to be happening. In May 1965, 122 campuses held a 'National Teach-In" for more than 100,000 antiwar demonstrators. In 1966, an antiwar protest in Washington D.C. drew more than 20,000 people. Martin Luther King helped instigate protests by pointing out a revealing statistic: that 10% of all U.S. soldiers stationed in Vietnam were African American, while blacks represented 20% of combat deaths, In response to the draft, 500,000 draftees The Tet Offensive led to hundreds of American deaths. Americans were shocked that an enemy supposedly on the verge of the defeat could launch such a large-scale attack. Then, three months later on April 4th, Martin Luther King was assassinated. Robert Kennedy, was elected president in November, was also assassinated.

Tensions Escalate

In late 1969, Americans learned about a heinous war crime in which an American platoon had massacred a small hamlet in My Lai, South Vietnam, most of the deaths being the elderly, women, and children, The nation was aghast. In April 1970, Nixon announced that American troops had invaded Cambodia. Four students were killed by National Guard soldiers at a protest at Kent State University. Two days later, two more students were killed by police at Jackson State. Daniel Ellsberg leaked The Pentagon Papers to the New York Times.

The Roots of Watergate

On June 17, 1972, Washington Post Reporter Bob Woodward
was assigned to investigate a bizarre incident. Five men had broken into the Democratic National
on the Committee headquarters in the City's Watergate office. He was provoked by a question: Why was a former CIA agent involved in a simple robbery, would be forced to resign from office

Spying on their Opponents

Richard Nixon became president amid race wars and war protests during his four years as president. spying on opposition rallies and spreading rumors about their opponents. five men to break into the Democratic National Party's headquarters and placed wiretaps on office telephones.

The Watergate Dam Breaks

The media discovered that the former CIA agent involved in
the break-in, James McCord, was also a member of the Committee for Re-Election of the President. CIA to stop the FBI from investigating the story. In November 1972 he won re-election by one of the largest margins in America's history.
In June 1973, a member of the White House testified that the former attorney general had ordered the break-in and that Nixon had taken place in the cover-up. On July 16 a White House Nixon had indeed ordered the CIA to stop the FBI probe. On August 9, 1974, Nixon finally resigned

The Iran Hostage Crisis

Israel and Egypt called The Camp David Accords, 52 American hostages. After the Carter administration unsuccessfully negotiated their release, they attempted a daring rescue mission. That, too, failed. As news outlets replayed the story over-and- over again, the/hostages would not be released for another 444 days on January 20, 1981, destroying Jimmy Carter's presidential legacy.

The Rise of the Environmental Movement

Rachel Carson published her book, Silent Spring, killed insects that threatened the crops, to end the use of DDT pesticides. And the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970), The Clean Air Act (1970), Clean Water Act (1972), and Endangered Species Act (1973) shortly followed

The Third Industrial Revolution

(Internet) - When America sent the first man to the moon in 1969, it became a symbol of the explosive technological growth that would follow. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founding Apple, as Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft. In 1990, researchers in Switzerland developed The World Wide Web.