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Flashcards on Fatty Acids and Lipid Metabolism
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Fatty Acids
Fuel molecules, building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids, role in covalent modifications, derivatives serve as hormones and intracellular messengers
Triacylglycerols
Uncharged esters of fatty acids with glycerol, stored in adipose tissue and muscle
Dietary Lipids
Digested by pancreatic lipases
Bile Acids
Amphipathic molecules that facilitate lipid digestion by lipases, made from cholesterol secreted by the gallbladder
Chylomicrons
Lipoprotein transport particles made of new triacylglycerols with proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol on the surface
FATPs
Transport free fatty acids into the membrane
FABPs
Bind fatty acids to smooth ER for resynthesis of triacylglycerol
Mobilization (Stage 1 of fatty acid processing)
Conversion of triacylglycerol to fatty acids in adipose tissue
Lipases
Intestinal enzymes that degrade triacylglycerols to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, secreted by the pancreas
Colipases
Proteins that bind lipases to particles for degradation in the pancreas
Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta Oxidation)
Generates acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2 during fatty acid metabolism
Ketone Bodies
Fuel source from fats, formed in the liver and used for peripheral tissues, water soluble and transportable
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
Enzyme in liver and adipose tissue for synthesizing fatty acids, active during embryonic development and lactation
Citrate Shuttle
Transports acetyl groups from mitochondria to cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
Enzyme catalyzing the committed step of fatty acid synthesis – the production of malonyl CoA
Malonyl CoA
Inhibits carnitine acyltransferase 1, preventing entry of fatty acyl CoAs into the matrix
Glucagon and Epinephrine
Inhibit both ACCs by increasing AMPK activity (inhibits fatty acid synthesis)
Insulin
Activates ACCs by enhancing dephosphorylation and inactivating AMPK, promoting fatty acid synthesis
AMPK
Activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP