AMA: Properties of Materials

Physical: Density

It measures how much mass is contained within a given volume.

Temperature: When a fluid is heated, its volume increases while its mass remains constant, leading to a decrease in density

Pressure: When a fluid is compressed, its volume decreases while its mass remains constant, leading to an increase in density

Additionally, when water freezes, it expands, becoming less dense, which is why ice floats

Why does the density of a fluid change when its temperature or pressure changes?

Opaque

What is the term for a material that does not allow light to pass through it?.

Refraction

Which optical property measures how much light is bent or slowed down when passing through a material?

Electro Optic Effect

What is the phenomenon where an applied electric field causes

the displacement of electrons, affecting the optical properties of a material?

Diamagnetic Materials

These materials are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. They become weakly magnetized in the opposite direction of the field.

Paramagnetic Materials

These are weakly attracted to a magnetic field and are magnetized in the same direction as the field.

Ferromagnetic Materials

These materials are strongly attracted to a magnetic field and magnetized in the same direction as the field.

Plasticity

The ability of material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without failure after removal of load .

Brittleness

property by virtue of which, a material will fail under loading without significant change in dimension .

Malleability

A property by virtue of which a metal can flatten into thin sheets, known as ______. It is also define as a property which permits plastic deformation under compression loading.

Resillience

The amount of energy absorb under elastic limit during loading.

Machineability

A property by virtue of which a material can be cut easily.

Solubility

The ability of a material to dissolve in a particular solvent, such as water or acid.

Oxidation Resistance

The ability of a material to resist chemical reactions with its environment, such as oxidation, rusting, or degradation.

Hygroscopicity

The ability of a material to absorb and retain moisture from the surrounding environment.

Toxicity

The degree to which a material can cause harm to humans or the environment.

Acidity and Basicity

The ability of a material to either donate or accept protons in a chemical reaction.

Thermal Conductivity

Describes how easily a material transfers heat.

Melting Point and Boiling Point

The temperatures at which a material transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to gas, respectively.

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of energy needed to raise a material’s temperature by 1°C.

Thermal Insulation

The ability to resist heat transfer, useful in applications like

building insulation and refrigeration.

Conductivity

The ability of a material to allow the flow of electric current. It is important for materials used in electrical wiring, such as copper, to ensure efficient current flow.

Resistivity

The measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current. High-resistivity materials, like Teflon, are used for insulation to prevent current leakage.

Dielectric Strength

The ability of a material to withstand high voltage without breaking down.

Permittivity

The ability of a material to store electrical energy in an electric field.

Magnetic Permeability

The ability of a material to respond to a magnetic field.

Ferrous Metals

mainly consist iron with comparatively small addition of other materials. It includes iron and its alloy such as cast iron, steel, high speed steel, etc. They are widely used in mechanical industries mainly for its availability.

Non Ferrous Metals

metals contain little or no iron. It includes aluminum, magnesium, copper, zinc etc.

Mechanical: Strength

The ability of material to withstand load without failure is known as _______. It mainly depends on type of loading and deformation before fracture.

Mechanical: Homogenity

If a material has same properties throughout its geometry, known as _____material and the property is known as _____ It is an ideal situation but practically no material is _______?

Mechanical: Isotropy

A material which has same elastic properties along its all loading direction known as ______?

Mechanical: An-isotropy

A material which exhibits different elastic properties in different loading direction known as ______?

Mechanical: Elasticity

If a material regain its original dimension after removal of load, it is known as ____ material and the property by virtue of which it regains its original shape is known as _____

Mechanical: Plasticity

The ability of material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without failure after removal of load is known as ____. This property is used for shaping material by metal working. It is mainly depends on temperature and elastic strength of material.

Mechanical: Ductility

a property by virtue of which metal can be drawn into wires. It can also define as a property which permits permanent deformation before fracture under tensile loading. The amount of permanent deformation (measure in percentage elongation)

Mechanical: Brittleness

is a property by virtue of which, a material will fail under loading without significant change in dimension. Glass and cast iron are well known examples.

Mechanical: Stiffness

The ability of material to resist elastic deformation or deflection during loading, A material which offers small change in dimension during loading is more stiffer. For example steel is stiffer than aluminum.

Mechanical: Hardness

The property of a material to resist penetration, It is an ability to resist scratching, abrasion or cutting. It is also define as an ability to resist fracture under point loading.

Mechanical: Toughness

defined as an ability to withstand with plastic or elastic deformation without failure. It is defined as the amount of energy absorbed before actual fracture.

Mechanical: Malleability

A property by virtue of which a metal can flatten into thin sheets, It is also define as a property which permits plastic deformation under compression loading.

Mechanical: Machinablity

A property by virtue of which a material can be cut easily.

Mechanical: Damping

The ability of metal to dissipate the energy of vibration or cyclic stress, Cast iron has good_______property, that’s why most of machines body made by cast iron.

Mechanical: Creep

The slow and progressive change in dimension of a material under influence of its safe working stress for long time, mainly depend on time and temperature. The maximum amount of stress under which a material withstand during infinite time is known as _______ strength.

Mechanical: Resillience

The amount of energy absorb under elastic limit during loading, The maximum amount of the energy absorb under elastic limit is called _____

Mechanical: Fatigue Strength

The maximum amount of cyclic load which a work piece can bear for infinite number of cycle, also depend on work piece shape, geometry, surface finish etc.

Mechanical: Embrittlement

The loss of ductility of a metal caused by physical or chemical changes, which make it brittle,

Optical: Electronic polarization

• When an external electric field (like that of light) interacts with a material, the electron clouds surrounding the atoms or molecules are distorted or shifted. 

• This distortion creates a separation of positive and negative charges within the material, resulting in the formation of induced electric dipoles. 

Optical: Translucent

Materials like frosted glass or certain types of paper allow light to pass through, but the light is scattered, making objects on the other side appear blurry or indistinct. 

Optical: Light Absorption

• When light interacts with a material, some of the light's energy can be transferred to the material's atoms or molecules, causing them to absorb the light. 

  This absorption occurs when the energy of the light photons matches the energy required to excite electrons in the material to higher energy levels. 

Diamond

________ has the highest thermal conductivity among common materials, with values around 2000-2200 W/m·K, significantly exceeding that of metals like copper and silver.

Thermal Expansion

the tendency of matter to change in size (length, area, or volume) in response to temperature changes, with most materials expanding when heated and contracting when cooled.

Creep Resistance

a material's ability to resist slow, permanent deformation under sustained stress, particularly at elevated temperatures.

Degradation

the deterioration of a material's properties due to chemical reactions or exposure to chemical agents, leading to changes in its structure and performance.

Corrosion Resistance

refers to a material's ability to withstand deterioration due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with its environment, such as oxidation or exposure to corrosive substances