APSC 100 FINAL terms

design stages

0 - define problem

1 - study and clarify problem

2 - Generate potential solutions

3 - identify the most promising solution

4 - develop and test

5 - implement the solution

iteration occurs throughout the design process

cost committed

decisions made early in the design process will decide have large financial implications later in the process

actual costs

actual costs in the beginning of the project are very low. They get very high in the end of the process

stakeholder

anyone who can influence or is incluenced by the project

Stakeholder Needs

stakeholder's wants or expectations of the project

what are some problems with stakeholders

stakeholders define their needs vaguely.

some stakeholders from the same group may have differing needs.

some needs are obvious and are often not stated.

Target Design Specifications

Developed from needs, precise description of what the final design has to be or do, quantifiable or testable

2 parts to target design specifications

Requirements - the final design must meet these

Evaluation Criteria - the measured satisfaction of the stakeholders.

validation

do the specifications accurately capture the stakeholder needs?

verification

does our final design solution meet the specifications?

fixation

anchoring on one potential solution during the concept generation stage

how to get a bigger solution space

having a larger variety of ideas and doing concept generation for a longer time will create the most potential solutions

C sketch

- collaborative sketching

- process where each team member draws a sketch for a set amount of time then passes it to another team member so everyone has input on all sketches

- no words, work independently

Screening

filter out all potential designs that cannot satisfy all the requirements. Before elimination, try to make the design work in another way.

Ranking

Ranking the potential solutions that passed screening. This should be done rather quickly.

Scoring

Choose top ideas from ranking to be tested and evaluated. We can use a WDM to analyze the test results

How to do ranking

use different ranking techniques (like individual voting)

Iteration

going back to previous design stages to adjust a potential solution. This occurs all throughout the design process and can happen at any stage.

what are the prototype classifications

physical to virtual and focused to comprehensive

when do we use certain prototypes

early in the design stage we use focused designs that are quick and inexpensive to make. Only later in the design process do we make comprehensive designs, as they are costly and take time to create.

What do you want to know about your audience

what your audience already knows, needs to know, and does not know about your presentation. also what they think about your project and hope to get out of your presentation.

what are the 2 types of purposes of a presentation

inform - describe, review, instruct, explain, demonstrate

pursuade - convice, influence, recommend, change, justify

what makes up the context of a presentation

1. what led you to developing the presentation

2. what is the setting of the presentation

3. what other factors related to time, tools, and space are relevant?

what is the AAA designation

all ages and ability

what is a scale

these are the different levels that we can view a problem at

what are some examples of scales

temporal, spatial, organizational, governmental

what is stakeholder salience

how important a given stakeholder is in a given project

power

how much a stakeholder can influence a project

urgency

someone who is important or has time-sensitive needs in the project

legitimacy

someone who has a right to have a say in the project. Two types

legal right - the law says so

moral right - it feels wrong not to consider them

3 levels of salience

primary, secondary, tertiary

define sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

3 pillars of sustainability

environment, economy, society

bearable

society and environment

viable

enivronment and economy

equitable

society and economy

4 things to avoid

using things on earth faster than they can be replenished

making things and substances faster than they break down

meet the needs of all people

degrading ecosystems at a rate faster than they can naturally regrow

what is the use of a CLD

to analyze the relationships and outcomes between indicators in a complex system

reinforcing loop

if we increase the value of a node and then make our way around the loop, the value of that node will continue to increase

balancing loop

if we increase the value of a node and then make our way around the loop, the value of that node will decrease

what is a profession

a group of individuals, recognized by the public who:

possess specialized knowledge or skills

have received special trianing or education

adhere to ethical standards

apply their knowledge and skills in the interest of others

what is a wdm

weighted Decision matrix

what are the criteria of a wdm

these are the evaluation criteria based off of stakeholder needs

how to check for confidence in the findings of a wdm

alter the values for the weights in the wdm. If we get the same answer, we can have confidence in our answer.

engineering physics

integrated discipline combining engineering fundamentals with science and math

IGEN

involves multiple disciplines and with a variety of skills. Allows communication across disciplines.

MECH

involves robots, biomedical devices, cars, planes, ships, building systems

CIVL

deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the natural and built environment

CHBE

focues on the intersection of physical, chemical, and biological sciences

what is assertion evidence

write at the top of the slide the assertion. The body of the slide should contain and image or data that backs up the assertion.

What are generic graphics

graphics that don't add anything to the slide and don't really correlate with the text.

Rules for slide background

different colour from text

not overly distracting

should animations be used in presentations

they should generally be avoided.

What are the 4 elements of delivery?

Voice, Posture, Eye contact, body language

How should your hand be during a presentation

they should not be overly expressive. Try to avoid talking with your hands.

How did Eric Rea design assistive devices?

He used CAD

What are Ken Frasers limitations?

paralyzed from armpits down

limited hand function

no triceps / extensors

can use biceps

What adaptive device does Ken use to write?

Splint. He also has rubber hands that keep the splint in place.

How does Ken Type?

Ken uses the opposite side of his splint as a typing device in one hand. He also uses his left hand pinky finger to type on his other hand

How does Ken hold on to his splint?

muscle tightness from Kens fingers keeps the splint in place while he types.

What are 2 challenging tasks for Ken?

Flipping over paper, especially when two pieces are stuck together. Also eating corn on the cob

What is the formula for stress

stress = force/area

How can we avoid breaking? (3)

have a lower force

have a greater area

use a stronger material

what is ellastic deformation

the material deforms temporarily but then returns back to its normal shape after the stress has stopped

what is plastic deformation

this occurs when the stress on the material exceeds the yield strength. This causes the material to permanently deform.

what has to occur for the cable to break

the applied stress must exceed the ultimate tensile strength of the material. If this happens, the material will break.

What is CAD

computer aided design. Allows user to create 2D or 3D designs

pros of CAD (3)

allows visualization of parts

simluation of stress, flow and more

files used for rapid prototyping can be directly made into prototypes

challenges with CAD (3)

locking into a design too early

not a creative tool; used for analysis and documentation

Less collaborative than other approaches

What are the purposes for prototypes? (7)

determine placement and orientation

understand ergonomics and workflow

communcate form and shape

inspire new ideas

enter initial market

visualize and communicate ideas

demonstrate final function and form

Define ethics

the study of standards of right and wrong

define dilemma

situations where none of the possible options are clearly better than the others.

What are the circles that make up the APSC 100 ethical framework (5)

LAw

Code of ethics

personal values

organizational values

societal values

Why are the boundaries in the ethical framework fuzzy?

all of the categories are, to a degree, up to interpretation

what is the best way to address a conflict of interest

disclose all information to everyone and ask to be removed from the situation.

How to reduce risk when there is a possible conflict of interest

choose the option that is of the least benefit to you. This generates the least suspicion.

If there are two or more ideas that could be used to solve an ethical dilemma but you cannot choose which one, what should you do?

choose the option with the least personal benefit to you.

what is the fundamental tenet of the code of ethics

The safety, health, and welfare of the public are of the utmost importance

What is utilitarianism?

Greatest good for the greatest number of people. The benefits should be equally spread amongst all people. Also consider te duration and intensity of the benefits.

What is duty-based ethics?

there are universal principles that everyone should follow.

what is rights based ethics

ethically correct actions are ones that respect other peoples' rights.

gradual escalation

identify a small action with low risk and minimal consequences. Progressively choose larger actions if the previous ones do not work.

what are the 4 additional CAD techniques that were shown

Mirror (mirrors a design or even an entire part)

Patterns (Creates circular or linear patterns)

Assembly (combines multiples parts from different files)

Revolve (creates a 3D shape by revolving a sketch over an axis)

What are the 3 types of rapid prototyping?

Water jet cutting

laster cutter

3D printing

How does water jet cutting work

a CAD file is converted into a path for the cutter

high pressure water with abrasive material cuts underwater

what materials can a water jet cut

metal

glass

ceramics

concrete

plastic, wood, other composite materials

limitations of water jet cutter

can only cut flat 2D shapes

cannot engrave

materials get wet

how does laser cutter work

powered laser follows a path from a CAD file

can cut very quickly

what materials can laser cutter cut

almost anything, as long as there is sufficient power for the laser

limitations of laser cutter

can only cut flat shape in 2D

produces gases and particulates that can be harmful

how do 3D printers work

the printhead deposits liquid plastic

what are the 2 types of 3D printers

FDM (fusion deposition modelling)

SLS (selective laser sintering)

which type of 3D printer produces better results?

SLS

What are the advantages of 3D printing

can make 3D complex things

takes files directly from CAD and converts them

limitations of 3D printing

They are slow

mostly only able to use plastic

structures cannot be too thin (or can't have unsupported internal structures)

what is Occpational Therapy?

enables participation and independence in society

helps people achieve the things they need, want, or are expected to do

what is assitive technology?

items, equipment, or products

commerically available or custom made

used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities

what are some things to consider when looking at the adoption of Assistive technology

user experiences (age, condition, lifestyle)

usefullness of device

ease of use

simplicity

learning and ongoing support required

social context

Define Clear

easy to follow

easy to understand

unabiguous in message

define concise

brief

to the point

free of unecessary language