KIN 360 - LAB EXAM 2 MANUAL REVEIW

The study of articulations, or joints, is called

Anthrology

What kind of joint (based on joint composition or structure) is one in which the bones are held together by collagenous fibers?

Fibrous Joint

When two bones fuse into a single bone, this unions is called a

Synostosis

The teeth are held in the jaw by what specific kind of joint?

Gomphosis

What kind of joint is slightly movable and is held together by fibrous connective tissue?

Syndesmosis

Bones that are held together by cartilage (cartilaginous joints) are also known as

Synchondroses

The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint. In terms of movement, is also called a

Immoveable Joint

What is the name of a joint that is held together by a joint capsule?

Synovial Joint

Synovial fluid is secreted by what structure?

synovial membrane

How much movement occurs in a suture between two bones of the skull?

Synarthrosis

Rank the following joints in terms of least movable to most movable, with I being the least movable and 5 being the most movable

Suture

Syndesmosis

Gliding

Saddle

Ball-and-Socket

Which one of the following joints has the greatest range of movement?

Hinge

In which of these joints would you find a meniscus?

Synovial

What is the function of the meniscus in the knee?

Provides stability and cushion

ball and socket

hip

Ellipsoid (Condylar)

radiocarpal

Hinge

Tibiofemoral

Plane

Intercarpal

What is the function of the labrum in the Glenohumeral joint?

Deepens the glenoid fossa

The joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is what kind of joint? (Trapeziometacarpal)

Saddle Joint

A class of joint with great movement is a

diarthroses

The joint between the scapula and the humerus is what type of joint?

Ball and Socket Joint

What kind of joint is located at the wrist (between the radius and the carpal bone)? (radiocarpal)

Condylar Joint

What muscles are used to keep your seat out of the saddle while riding a horse?

Adductor muscles

How do the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus prevent toppling while walking?

maintains center of gravity

What is a muscle that is an antagonist to the biceps femoris?

Any quadricep

What are two muscles that are synergists with the biceps femoris?

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus

What is the insertion of all the muscles of the quadriceps group?

Tibial tuberosity

How does the action of the rectus femoris differ from that of the other quadriceps muscles?

It flexes the thigh.

How many adductor muscles are there?

Five

List two muscles responsible for thigh flexion.

Iliopsoas and sartorius

Where do the hamstring muscles originate?

ischial tuberosity

What is the action of the vastus lateralis?

Extends the leg

Which muscle group is located on the anterior part of the thigh?

Quadriceps

Is abduction of the thigh movement away from or toward the midline?

Away from the midline

What muscle flexes the lumbar vertebrae?

Rectus abdominis

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

Condyles of femur

What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior in humans?

Metatarsal 1 and cuneiform 1

How does the action of the fibularis longus differ from that of the fibularis tertius?

Fibularis longus plantar flexes, fibularis tertius dorsiflexes.

What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus?

Extends the big toe, dorsiflexes the foot

What two major muscles make up the calf?

Soleus and gastrocnemius

What muscles are involved in plantar flexion?

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

What muscle extends the toes?

Extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus

Name the muscle that dorsiflexes the foot.

Tibialis Anterior

What muscle is responsible for plantar flexion and eversion of the foot?

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

What is the insertion of the soleus?

Calcaneus by the achilles

What is the insertion of the fibularis tertius muscle?

Dorsum of the metatarsal 5

What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?

Distal phalanges 2-5

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

Zygomatic arch

What is the action of the risorius?

Pulls corner of mouth laterally

What type of muscle is the orbicularis oculi or orbicularis oris?

Sphincter muscles

What muscle originates on the temporal fossa?

Temporalis

Which two muscles close the jaw?

Masseter and temporalis

Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert?

Mastoid process

What muscle closes the lips?

Orbicularis oris

Where does the orbicularis oculi insert?

Skin of the eyelid

What is the insertion of the temporalis?

Coronoid process and mandibular ramus

Name a muscle that closes the eye.

Orbicularis oculi

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?

Rotates head to opposite side

What is the action of the serratus anterior muscle?

Abducts scapula

Name four muscles that extend the vertebral column.

Multifidus, spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

How does the serratus anterior function as an antagonist to the rhomboideus muscles?

It abducts the scapula, opposing the adducting action of the rhomboideus muscles.

How does the action of the rectus abdominis differ from that of the other abdominal muscles?

It flexes the vertebral column.

What is the physical relationship of the intercostal muscles?

Internal intercostals are deep to external intercostals.

What group of muscles is responsible for extension and rotation of the vertebral column?

Erector spinae

What is the action of intercostal muscles?

External intercostals elevate ribs for inspiration; internal intercostals depress ribs for expiration.

What muscle inserts on the central tendon?

Diaphragm

Where are tendinous intersections found?

In the rectus abdominis

What is the deepest abdominal muscle?

Transversus abdominis

What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

Laterally flexes the vertebral column and depresses rib 12.

Which two muscles originate on the neck and extend and rotate the head?

Splenius and semispinalis

What type of transmission travels through the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

Motor

What type of transmission travels through the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

Sensory

What type of transmission travels through the ascending spinal tracts?

Sensory

What type of transmission travels through the descending spinal tracts?

Motor

What causes the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

Increased volume of motor nerves in the ventral horns of gray matter, nerves for upper limbs

Where is the filum terminale located?

Extends from the conus medullaris

What is the conus medullaris?

Terminal end of the spinal cord

What is the cauda equina?

Group of nerves and nerve roots stemming from the distal end of the spinal cord.

In the spinal cord, which is deep to the other: white matter or gray matter?

Gray matter

What is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord?

gray commissure

What fluid fills the subarachnoid space?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Which major nerves arise from the cervical region?

phrenic

Which major nerves arise from the brachial region?

radial, ulnar

Which major nerves arise from the lumbar region?

obturator

Which major nerves arise from the sacral region?

sciatic

How do the dorsal spinal root and ventral spinal root differ in function?

Dorsal roots carry afferent sensory axons; ventral roots carry efferent motor axons.

What is the endoneurium?

connective tissue covering single axon

How do tracts differ from nerves?

tract is nerve fibers in the CNS; a nerve is a collection in the PNS.

What is a mixed nerve?

Nerves that perform both sensory and motor functions.

Which nerve regulates the diaphragm's contractions?

Phrenic nerve

What is the innervation of the muscles of the arm, such as the biceps brachii?

Musculocutaneous nerve

Which nerve controls the extensor muscles of the hand?

Radial nerve

What two nerves compose the sciatic nerve?

Tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerve.

Where on the spinal cord has injury occurred if a person has feeling from the deltoid and biceps brachii region but no feeling from the wrist extensors?

Above C6

Which meninge is just superficial to the brain?

Pia mater

What fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct?

Fourth ventricle

What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?

Gyrus: ridges; Sulcus: depressions of the convolutions.

Name the lobes of the cerebrum.

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal