The U.S. Court System

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89 Terms

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law

закон

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to obey / observe law

соблюдать закон

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to pass a law

принять закон

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to uphold / enforce law

поддерживать / исполнять закон

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to act within law

действовать в рамках закона

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to strike down a law

отменить закон

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to invalidate a law

признать закон недействительным (if you invalidate a document, a contract, an election, etc., you make it no longer legally or officially acceptable)

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to assess the constitutionality of a law

оценить конституционность закона

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to fall under law

подпадать под действие закона

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common law

(in some countries) the part of the law that has been developed from customs and from decisions made by judges, not created by Parliament (общее / прецедентное право)

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statutory law

written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment (статутное право = право, основанное на законодательных актах)

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case law

прецедентное право

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judge-made law

the law that is established by judicial precedent rather than by statute (право, созданное судьями / судебными прецедентами)

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precedent

  1. an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later (судебный прецедент). 2. a similar action or event that happened earlier. 3. the way that things have always been done (=tradition)
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powers

полномочия

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legislative powers

законодательные полномочия

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executive powers

исполнительные полномочия

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judicial powers

судебные полномочия

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the separation of powers

разделение властей ≠ fusion of powers*

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jurisdiction

  1. the authority that an official organization has to make legal decisions about somebody/something (юрисдикция
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concurrent / duplicative jurisdiction

concurrent jurisdiction exists where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case (параллельная юрисдикция)

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overlapping jurisdiction

пересекающаяся юрисдикция

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general jurisdiction vs. limited jurisdiction

общая юрисдикция vs. ограниченная юрисдикция

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general jurisdiction

a court's authority to hear any type of case which is not vested in another court (общая юрисдикция).

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limited jurisdiction

(also special jurisdiction) is the court's jurisdiction only on certain types of cases such as bankruptcy, and family matters. Courts of limited jurisdiction, as opposed to general jurisdiction, derive power from an issuing authority, such as a constitution or a statute (ограниченная юрисдикция).

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jurisdiction vs. jurisprudence /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈpruːdns/

юрисдикция vs. юриспруденция

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ЮРИСДИКЦИЯ

1) Право производить суд, решать правовые вопросы. 2) Область, на которую распространяется такое право.

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ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ

а) Совокупность наук о праве; правоведение. б) Правовая система, практическая деятельность юристов, решения судебных органов.

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judiciary

the judges of a country or a state, when they are considered as a group (судебная система / система судебных органов / суды)

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independent judiciary

независимая судебная система

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court

суд

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trial court

a court of law where cases are tried in the first place, as opposed to an appeal court (суд первой инстанции).

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court of first instance

a trial court of original or primary jurisdiction (суд первой инстанции).

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court of original jurisdiction

полномочия, предоставленные судебному органу как суду первой инстанции. Такими полномочиями обладает Верховный суд США [Supreme Court, U.S.], когда стороной в деле являются послы иностранных государств, а также штаты. Первичной юрисдикцией обладают также федеральные окружные суды [district court] по делам, связанным с нарушением федеральных законов и суды округа [county court] - по делам, связанным с нарушением законодательства штата.

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appellate /əˈpelət/ court

Appeals Court (also court of appeal, court of appeals) (US English) one of the courts in the US that can change decisions made by a lower court (апелляционный суд)

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the court of last resort / the Supreme Court

суд последней инстанции / Верховный суд США

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to convene the court

созвать суд

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common-law and equity courts

суды общего права и суды права справедливости (court that can base its judgments on principles of equity (= a system allowing fair judgment where no satisfactory laws exist) rather than law)

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case

дело

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to hear / try a case

рассматривать дело

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to decide a case

выносить решение по делу

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to review a case

пересматривать дело

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to hear an appeal

рассматривать апелляцию

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the system of checks and balances

система сдержек и противовесов

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the doctrine of judicial review

доктрина судебного контроля 1. ​(in the US) the power of the Supreme Court to decide if something is allowed by the Constitution 2. (in the UK) a procedure in which a court examines an action or decision of a public body and decides whether it was right. 1. судебный контроль 2. амер. право судебной власти пересматривать и отменять постановления законодательной и исполнительной властей (как несовместимые с конституцией США)

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the doctrine of precedent

the custom of the courts to stand by previous decisions, so that once a point of law is decided upon by a court, then the same law must be applied to future cases with materially similar facts (доктрина прецедента).

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judge

судья

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the sitting judge

a person who currently holds judicial office by reason of election or gubernatorial appointment (действующий судья).

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to sit in three-judge panels (panels of three)

заседать в составе коллегии из трех судей

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the supreme justice

судья Верховного суда

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nomination

выдвижение (на должность)

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confirmation

утверждение

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appointment

назначение

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docket

(North American English) (also docket sheet) a list of cases to be dealt with in a particular court (судебный реестр = амер. юр. список дел, назначенных к слушанию (тж. trial docket). + 1) выписка, копия решения или приговора. 2) приложение к документу с кратким изложением его содержания. 3) реестр, книга судебных решений и приговоров.

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affidavit /ˌæfəˈdeɪvɪt/

a written statement that you swear is true, and that can be used as evidence in court (аффидевит = письменное показание под присягой)

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brief

  1. (British English, law) a legal case that is given to a lawyer to argue in court; a piece of work for a barrister краткое письменное изложение дела; англ. записка по делу, представляемая солиситором барристеру; 2. (North American English, law) a written summary of the facts that support one side of a legal case that will be presented to a court (юридическое заключение = амер. записка по делу, представляемая адвокатом в апелляционный суд)
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motion

a formal proposal that is discussed and voted on at a meeting предложение (на собрании)

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notice

уведомление / извещение / повестка

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pleading

[usually plural] formal statement of somebody’s case in court (исковое заявление)

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regulations

нормативные акты

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to comply with regulations

соблюдать нормативные акты

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apply regulations

применять нормативные акты

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to follow regulations

следовать нормативным актам

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to bend regulations

обходить нормативные акты

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ruling / decision

судебное решение

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to enter a ruling / decision

выносить судебное решение

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binding decisions

if a decision or agreement is final and binding, it has been decided for the last time and cannot be discussed or changed again: If no appeal is made by the end of the 20-day appeal period, the panel's decision will be final and binding (юридические обязательные решения).

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to rule

постановлять

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opinion

the formal expression (as by a judge, court, or referee) of the legal reasons and principles upon which a legal decision is based (мнение судьи) обоснование судебного решения.

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written opinion

мнение заявителя, изложенное в письменной форме

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to render / issue opinion

выносить решение

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tenure

срок полномочий

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life tenure during good behavior

пожизненный срок полномочий при добросовестном поведении / пожизненное пребывание в должности

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to guarantee tenure

гарантировать срок полномочий

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discretion /dɪˈskreʃn/

усмотрение

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in one's discretion

по усмотрению

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on discretionary basis

на усмотрение

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right

право

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the right to jury trial

право на суд присяжных

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to waive the right

waive something to choose not to demand something in a particular case, even though you have a legal or official right to do so (отказываться от права)

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to enjoy one's legal rights

пользоваться своими законными правами

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Bar

  1. (British English) the profession of barrister (= a lawyer in a higher court) барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах). 2. the Bar (North American English) the profession of any kind of lawyer (адвокатура).
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to be admitted to the Bar

быть допущенным к адвокатской практике

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to disbar

disbar somebody (from something/from doing something) to stop a lawyer from working in the legal profession, especially because they have done something illegal (лишать адвокатской лицензии).

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writ

writ (for something) (against somebody) a legal document from a court telling somebody to do or not to do something (судебный приказ)

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writ of certiorari /ˌsɜːʃiəˈreəraɪ/

certiorari = a court order by which a case tried in a lower court is reviewed in a higher court (приказ о передаче дела в вышестоящий суд)

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en banc [/ˌɑːn ˈbɑːŋk/]

in full court : with full judiciary authority (в полном составе суда)

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to sit en banc

заседать в полном составе суда

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litigation

the process of making or defending a claim in court (судебный процесс, тяжба)