Biology Quizlet Review: Plant and Animal Functions

Stamen

Male part of a plant consisting of an anther and filament.

Carpel/Pistil

Female part of a plant consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.

Fertilization in flowering plants

Occurs in the ovule inside the ovary.

Double fertilization

One sperm fertilizes the egg (zygote), another forms the endosperm.

Stomata

Regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Roots and root hairs

Anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients; root hairs increase surface area.

Flower petals

Attract pollinators with color and scent.

Leaves

Carry out photosynthesis and gas exchange.

Vegetative parts used in asexual reproduction

Runners, stolons, rhizomes, tubers.

Seed dispersal methods

Wind (light seeds), animals (fruits/hooks), water (floating seeds).

Meristematic tissue

Undifferentiated cells that divide for growth; found at root and shoot tips.

Auxins

Stimulate cell elongation, control phototropism and root growth.

Animal behavior influences

Genes, environment, experience.

Group living in species

Safety in numbers, hunting, mating advantages.

Operant conditioning

Behavior shaped by rewards/punishment.

Classical conditioning

Association between stimuli.

Biological fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce.

Increasing male fitness

Compete for mates, display traits, defend territory.

Altruism in animals

Example: Meerkats warning others of predators, even at risk to themselves.

Carrying capacity

Maximum population size the environment can support long-term.

Autotroph

Organism that makes its own food (like plants).

Heterotroph

Organism that consumes others for energy.

Consumer

Any organism that eats producers or other consumers.

Herbivore

Consumer that eats only plants.

Producer

Another name for autotroph.

Trophic level

Each step in a food chain/web.

10% rule

Only 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level.

Density-dependent factors

Factors that increase with population density (e.g., disease, competition).

Density-independent factors

Factors that affect all populations equally (e.g., weather, natural disasters).

Eutrophication

Nutrient overload in water causing algal blooms and oxygen loss.

Effects of too much nitrogen fertilizer

Eutrophication and dead zones in water.

Predator-prey cycle

Population sizes rise and fall in response to each other.

Mutualism

Both species benefit; e.g., bees and flowers.

Parasitism

One benefits, one is harmed; e.g., ticks on a dog.

Commensalism

One benefits, other unaffected; e.g., barnacles on whales.

Factors determining biomes

Temperature and precipitation.

Deciduous forest characteristics

Moderate rainfall, 4 seasons, leaf-shedding trees.

Tropical rainforest characteristics

Hot, high rainfall, high biodiversity.

Tundra characteristics

Cold, dry, permafrost, low vegetation.

Desert characteristics

Dry, extreme temps, plants like cacti.

Grassland characteristics

Moderate rainfall, few trees, lots of grasses.

Structural adaptations in roots

Root hairs increase absorption; deep roots access water.

Structural adaptations in leaves

Waxy cuticle reduces water loss; stomata control gas exchange.

Factors needed for seed germination

Water (activates enzymes), oxygen (respiration), suitable temperature (for enzymes).

Effect of removing apical meristem

Vertical growth stops, side branches grow (plant becomes bushier).

Exponential growth curve

J-curve; rapid growth with no limits.

Logistic growth curve

S-curve; growth slows as it reaches carrying capacity.

Invasive species harm

They outcompete natives, disrupt ecosystems, reduce biodiversity.

Examples of invasive species

Kudzu, zebra mussels, Burmese pythons.

Waggle dance

Figure-eight dance bees use to show food direction and distance.

Angle of the waggle in bee dances

Direction to food relative to the sun.