power eng midterm (enumeration)☘️

Laws of Thermodynamics

1. Zeroth Law (Thermal Equilibrium)

2. First Law (Conservation of Energy)

3. Second Law (Entropy)

4. Fourth Law (Onsager Reciprocal Relations)

Sections/ Parts of an Internal Combustion Engine

1. Camshaft

2. Cam

3. Mixture in

4. Intake valve

5. Combustion chamber

6. Cylinder block

7. Connecting rod

8. Crankshaft

9. Spark plug

10. Valve Spring

11. Piston

13. Cooling water

14. Cylinder head

15. Crankcase

Working fluids can be:

1. Air

2. Hot water

3. Pressurized water or even liquid sodium

4. Heated in some kind of boiler by fossil fuel, wood - burning, nuclear, solar, etc.

Vehicles using Internal Combustion Engine

1. Automobiles

2. Trucks

3. Motorcycles

4. Boats

5. Wide variety of aircraft and locomotives

Steps Involved In A Two-Stroke Cycle

1. Intake and exhaust occur at bottom dead center

2. Compression Stroke : fuel-air mixture is compressed and ignited

3. Power stroke : piston is pushed down by the hot exhaust gases

Events In a Four-Stroke Cycle Engine

1. Air Intake

2. Compression

3. Combustion

4. Exhaust Emission

Steps Involved In a Four-Stroke Cycle Engine

1. Intake Stroke

2. Compression Stroke

3. Combustion Stroke

4. Exhaust Stroke

Five Stroke Cycle

1. Intake Stroke

2. Compression Stroke

3. Combustion Stroke

4. Exhaust Stroke

5. Refrigeration

Gas Turbine 3 Main Components

1. Turbine

2. Combustion Chamber

3. Compressor

Diesel Cycle Four Distinct Process

Process 1-2 = Isentropic Compression

Process 2-3 = Reversible Constant Pressure Heating

Process 3-4= Isentropic Expansion

Process 4-1 = Reversible Constant Volume Cooling

Engine Cycle

1. Two-stroke Cycle

2. Four-stroke Cycle

3. Five-stroke Cycle

4. Six-stroke Cycle

5. Diesel Cycle

6. Brayton Cycle

Internal Combustion Engine Cycle

1. Induction Stroke

2. Compression Stroke

3. Power Stroke

4. Exhaust Stroke

Each Stroke Begin and End Outside The:

0,180,360,540,720 (0) degree crank positions

Components Of An Internal Combustion Engine That Work Together To Ensure Its Proper Functioning

1. Valve opening and closing

2. Alternator

3. Fuel injector pump

4. Water pump, etc.

Auxiliary Systems and Mechanisms

1. Lubrication

2. Cooling

3. Fuel Supply

4. Filtration

5. Exhaust

6. Electrics, Etc.

Small Engine Use As A Stationary Power Source For:

1. Driving generators

2. Pumps

3. Threshers

4. Rice hull blowers, etc.

Types of Internal Combustion Engine

1. 4-Stroke Cycle Water-Cooled Engine

2. 4-Stroke Cycle Air-Cooled Engine

3. 2- Stroke Cycle Water-Cooled Engine

4. 2-Stroke Cycle Air-Cooled Engine

Water-Cooled Radiator Type

1. Hopper Type

2. Condenser Type

Water-Cooled Hopper Type

1. Heavy weight per power

2. Large tolerance to overloading

3. Large water requirement

4. Medium price

5. Medium troubles of maintenance

Water-Cooled Condenser Type

1. Medium weight per power

2. Small tolerance to overloading

3. Small water requirement

4. High price

5. Large troubles of maintenance

Air-Cooled Engine

1. Light weight per power

2. No water requirement

3. Low price

4. Little troubles of maintenance

4-stroke cycle engine

1. Heavy weight per power

2. Complicated complication of mechanism

3. Less fuel consumption per power

4. Expensive price

5. Troublesome maintenance and repair

6. Pure gasoline or pure light oil fuel

2-stroke cycle engine

1. Light weight per power

2. Simple complication of mechanisms

3. More fuel consumption per power

4. Cheap price

5. Simple maintenance and repair

6. Lubrication oil is mixed to fuel sometimes for fuel

Gasoline

1. Less durability

2. More trouble

3. More fuel consumption

4. Light weight per power

5. Cheap price

6. Easy starting

7. Normal lubrication oil

8. Fast revolution

9. Weak against moisture or water

10. Hazardous to fire

11. Regular accuracy of parts

12. Normal required cleanness of fuel

13. Troublesome maintenance

Diesel

1. More durability

2. Less trouble

3. Less fuel consumption

4. Heavy weight per power

5. Expensive price

6. Hard starting

7. High lubrication oil

8. Slow revolution

9. Strong against moisture or water

10. Nonhazardous to fire

11. High accuracy of parts

12. Strict required cleanness of fuel

13. Simple maintenance

Conclusions in advantages and disadvantages between a gasoline and diesel engine

•For continuous, long-hour operation, a diesel engine is preferable

•For carrying and frequent stop and start operation, a gasoline engine is better

•If exposed to moisture or rain, a diesel engine is better

•In using old engines, a gasoline engine can be easier to operate

Types of gasoline

1. Regular

2. Premium

3. Unleaded

Applications in selection of internal combustion engine

•For ambulance purposes, a gasoline engine is preferred since it is quick-starting

•If exposed to moisture/rain, a diesel engine is better

•For continuous stop and start operation, a gasoline engine is preferred

•For continuous or non-stop operation, a diesel engine is better

Typical Difference Between Gasoline and Diesel Engine

1. Spark Plug Vs Fuel Injector

2. Type of Fuel

3. Intake stroke

4. Compression Temperature

5. Fuel Line

6. Engine weight

Other names of dual combustion cycle

1. Limited pressure or mixed cycle

2. Trinkler Cycle

3. Seiliger Cycle or Sabathe Cycle

Other types of engines

1. Britalus Rotary Engine

2. Gas Turbine

3. Minto Wheel

4. Stirling Engine

5. Wankel Engine

Dual Cycle Operations

1-2: Adiabatic Compression

2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition

3-4: Constant Pressure Heat Addition

4-5: Adiabatic Expansion

5-1: Constant Volume Heat Addition

Fuel used in a Gas Turbine

1. Gasoline

2. Kerosene

3. Oil

Major Components of a Gas Turbine

1. Turbine

2. Combustion Chamber

3. Compressor

4. Shaft

Types of Gas Turbine

1. Turbojet

2. Turboprop

3. Turbufan

4. Afterburning Turbojet

Advantages of gas turbines

1. Gas turbine engines have a great power-to-weight ration compared to reciprocating engines

2. Gas turbine engines are also smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power

3. The gas turbine plant is simple in design and construction

4. The gas turbine is quite useful in the regions where due to scarcity it is not possible to supply water in abundance for raising steam

Disadvantages of gas turbine

1. They are expensive

2. Tend to use more fuel

General Cycle of Stirling Engine

1. Compressing cool gas

2. Heating the gas

3. Expanding the hot gas

4. Cooling the gas before repeating the cycle

Vehicles and devices in which the wankel rotary engine has been installed

1. Automobiles (including racing cars)

2. Aircraft

3. Go-karts

4. Personal water craft

5. Chain saws

6. Auxiliary Power units

Methods in Transmitting Power

1. Direct drive

2. Pulley and belt

3. Sprocket wheel and chain

4. Gears

5. Shaft and universal joint

6. Flexible shaft

7. Hydraulic System

Types of belt

1. Flat belt

2. V-shaped belt

Types of Belt Drive Connections

1. Open-belt drive

2. Cross- belt drive

Parts of an open-belt drive and cross-belt drive

1. Driver shaft

2. Driven shaft

3. Tight side

4. Slack side

Advantages of flat belts

1. Flexible, easy in construction, smooth operation

2. Efficient at hight speeds and protect against overload

3. Running and maintenance cost is low

4. Relatively long life and easy to work with

Disadvantages of Flat Belts

1. Not a positive drive

2. Not preferred in short - center distances

3. Loss of power due to slip

Advantages of V-belt drives

1. Compact

2. A positive drive

3. Smooth drive

4. Longer life, three to five years

5. Easy installation and removal

6. Quiet operation between belt and pulley

7. High-velocity ratio (maximum 10)

Two types of chain commonly used in power transmission on farm equipment

1. Hook-link chain

2. Roller chain

Four types of chain common in farm machines

1. Standard-pitch roller chain

2. Double-pitch roller chain

3. Malleable-cast iron, Detachable-link chain

4. Pressed-steel, Detachable-link chain

Types of Gears

1. Spur

2. Spur bevel

3. Spur bevel gear set

4. Spline shaft

5. Spiral bevel set used in tractors

6. Herringbone

7. Helical

8. Hypoid gear set

9. Worm and wom-wheel

10. Internal spur

11. Cluster

Types of Gears

1. Spur gear

2. Beveled gear

3. Helical gear

4. Worm gear

5. Pinion

Types of Spur gear

1. Internal Spur gear

2. External Spur gear

Helical gear may either be:

Spur & beveled gear

Pinion gear may either be:

Spur, bevel and helical gear

Parts id Power-Take Off Drive

1. Tractor power take-off drive

2. Universal joints

3. Shaft support

4. Sliding fit

5. Slip clutch

Flexible shaft assembly consist of:

1. Cable (spring, wire rope or cable)

2. Flexible Casing (sheath)

3. Shaft end fittings

4. Casing end fittings

Each Stroke in The Diesel Cycle Complete At

1. Top Dead Centre (TDC)

2. Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)