The French Revolution and Its Aftermath

Estates

Social classes in pre-revolutionary France.

Nobility of the Sword

Nobles with medieval ancestry.

Nobility of the Robe

Nobles granted status through absolutism.

1780s Economic Crisis

inflation and bad harvests worsened poverty.

Tax Farming

Selling tax collection rights, leading to inefficiency.

(1710s-70s) Louis XV

Incompetent king, focused on personal pleasures.

(1770s-90s) Louis XVI

Young king, struggled with political instability, married Marie Antionette

Marie Antoinette

Queen known for extravagant lifestyle and controversies.

Estates-General

Parliament not convened for 200 years, called in 1789.

Cahier de Doleances

List of grievances from the Third Estate.

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate vowed to not disband until new constitution.

(1789) Storming the Bastille

symbol of oppression and revolution.

Reign of Terror

Period of extreme violence during the Revolution.

Great Fear

Sporadic violence in rural areas during revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document asserting basic rights and government power.

Olympe de Gouges

Advocate for women's rights; wrote women's declaration.

Tricolor

Flag symbolizing equality, brotherhood, and freedom.

1789 - Women's March on Versailles

Women storm Versailles demanding food and reforms, take XVI and Marie as prisoners.

Confiscation of Church Lands

National Assembly seizes church property for reforms.

Sans-Culottes

Radical Parisian group symbolizing the working class.

(1790s) Georges Danton

Leader advocating for radical government changes, first president of the CPS

(1792) September Massacre

Jacobins execute anti-revolution prisoners

Committee of Public Safety

French government body to restore order and promote revolution.

Jacobins

First political party in Europe advocating for republic.

(1791) Declaration of Pillnitz

European monarchs' support for Louis XVI's authority.

Civil Oath of Loyalty

Clergy's pledge to the state over the church.

Enlightenment Influence

Philosophical ideas shaping revolutionary government reforms.

Robespierre

Leader advocating terror as a form of justice.

Vendee suppression

Mass execution of 10,000 monarchists by drowning.

Temple of Reason

Secular shrine replacing Christian influence in Paris.

Non-religious calendar

Republican calendar with ten months and ten-day weeks.

(1795) Thermidorean Reaction

Backlash against radical revolution policies - Directors not radical or conservative enough.

(1790s) The Directory

New government with corrupt executive Directors.

Concordat of 1801

Agreement with the Church, asserting state control.

First Consul

Napoleon's title after rising to power.

Plebiscites

Referendums allowing public support for decisions.

Emperor of France

Napoleon crowned himself in 1804, rejecting divine right.

Napoleonic Code

Legal system solidifying revolutionary gains and individual power.

Radicalism

Extreme political actions during the revolution.

Corruption of the Directory

Overindulgence and inefficiency in governing.

(1780s-90s) Emmanuel Sieyes

Proposed overthrowing the Directory for a consulate, rallied behind the Third Estate, and brought Napoleon to power

Battle of Trafalgar - 1803

Naval defeat for Napoleon against Britain.

Continental System

Napoleon's trade blockade against Britain.

Invasion of Russia 1812

Failed campaign due to harsh conditions.

Battle of Nations - 1813

Napoleon defeated by coalition forces at Leipzig.

Elba

First exile location of Napoleon after defeat.

The Hundred Days

Napoleon's return to power in France.

Battle of Waterloo

Final defeat of Napoleon by allied forces.

St. Helena

Final exile location of Napoleon, remote island.

Congress of Vienna

Diplomatic meeting to restore Europe post-Napoleon.

(1810s-20s) Louis XVIII

Restored monarch of France after Napoleon.

Edmund Burke

Philosopher advocating conservative views on revolution, borrowed from Rousseau, wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France.

German Confederation

Alliance of German states under conservative leadership.

Metternich

Austrian statesman and advisor opposing reforms and promoting conservatism.

(1819) Karlsbad Decree

Legislation by Metternich restricting nationalist movements in Germany.

Concert of Europe (1815-1915)

Alliance to maintain balance of power post-Napoleon.

f

(1760s-1850s) Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth

Sophisticated commerce

Complex financial systems supporting industrial growth.

The Spinning Jenny

Machine enhancing wool to thread efficiency.

Textile boom

Rapid growth of textile factories beyond human capacity.

Chartists

Advocates for political reforms and workers' rights.

Liberalism

Political ideology emphasizing individual freedoms and rights.

Adam Smith

Economist known as the father of capitalism and free market principles.

Thomas Malthus

Population theorist predicting food shortages.

Iron Law of Wages

Theory stating wages depend on labor supply, David Ricardo

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher advocating for personal autonomy and reforms.

Henri di Saint-Simon

French socialist promoting radical economic equality.

Nationalism

Belief in dividing society by national groups.

Teleological Standpoint

View that history has a predetermined direction.

Banquet Protests

Gatherings demanding political change in France.

Belgium Revolution of 1830

Successful separation from the Netherlands for liberalism.

Young Italy

Movement aimed at expelling Austria from Italy.

Workshops

Job creation initiative during the June Days.

French Revolution of1848

Revolution in France for worker reforms, prompted others in Europe

Liberal Constitutional Monarchy

Government combining monarchy with liberal principles.

Charles Fourier

Proposed Phalanstery communes for communal living.

Marxism

Socialism variant focusing on class struggle.

Determinist philosophy

Human development follows a predetermined economic path.

False consciousness

Misleading beliefs preventing class awareness and struggle.

Teleological standpoint

Historical interpretation focused on predetermined outcomes.

Charles X (18-30s)

Ultra-conservative leader opposed to liberal reforms.

Banquet protests

Gatherings demanding political reforms and rights.

June Days

Workers' revolt for social reforms in 1848.

Workshops

Created job opportunities and social welfare programs during the June Days.

Grossdeutschland vs Kleindeutschland

Debate over unifying all Germans or just Prussia.

Louis Blanc

Led socialist reforms during the June Days.

Citizen King

Louis-Philippe's title reflecting his popular support.

The Flying Shuttle

Innovative loom for faster cloth production.

The Rocket

Early locomotive capable of 15 mph.

Industrial Bourgeoisie

Middle class owning factories and businesses.

Luddites

Workers protesting against industrial machinery.

Robert Owen

Pioneer of the first labor union.

Edwin Chadwick

Advocate for sanitation reform to prevent disease.

David Ricardo

Proposed the Iron Law of Wages.

Revolutions of 1830

Series of uprisings across Europe for liberal reforms.

Louis-Philippe

Citizen King of France during the 1848 revolution.

(1848) Frankfurt Assembly

Meeting to unify Germany under a liberal constitution.

King of Prussia

Rejected the crown during German unification attempts.

Ferdinand I

Emperor of Austria, competent but faced health issues.