unit 3 bio

Active transport

The movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient); requires ATP/energy

Adaptation

Inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Aerobic respiration

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP

Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, carbon dioxide, and alcohol; carried out by yeast and bacteria

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing molecule of cells; energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates

Cell wall

Additional layer found outside of the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists; offers additional support and protection

Cell/plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

Cellular respiration

Burning glucose to make ATP; 36-38 ATP are formed from each glucose molecule; carried out by all organisms; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

Centrioles

Organelle found in animal cells that the spindle fibers grow out of

Chlorophyll

Green pigment found in the chloroplast that traps light for photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Organelle that contains the green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; makes glucose (sugar)

Cilia

Short, hair-like projections found in eukaryotes that are used for movement (protists) and that line the respiratory tracts of animals

Compound light microscope

A microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an object

Concentration gradient

A difference in concentration of a substance across a cell membrane/space

Contractile vacuole

Specialized vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell in a paramecium

Cytoplasm

Gel-like material made mostly of water that surrounds the organelles inside a cell

Diffusion

The simplest form of passive transport

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic code of life

Dynamic equilibrium

A state in which there is no concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move across the cell membrane/space

Electron microscope

Uses a beam of electrons to magnify an object; much more powerful than a compound light microscope

Eyespot

An organelle that the protist euglena uses to detect light

Flagella

Long, whip-like tails used for movement

Glucose

Simple sugar made during photosynthesis and burned during cellular respiration

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment

Lactic acid fermentation

Anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and lactic acid which causes muscle soreness/cramps

Lysosome

A eukaryotic organelle that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down worn out cell parts and engulfed viruses/bacteria

Mitochondria

Organelle that is the site of cellular respiration; sometimes referred to as the "powerhouse" of a cell as it makes ATP (energy)

Nucleus

Organelle that contains the DNA/chromosomes; sometimes referred to as the "command and control center" of a cell

Organelle

Structure inside a cell that performs a certain function

Osmosis

The diffusion of water; remember "solute sucks"

Passive transport

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient); does not require ATP/energy

Phospholipid bilayer

Another name for the cell/plasma membrane which is made up of two layers of phospholipids

Photosynthesis

Process carried out by plants, some protists, and some bacteria in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (food) and oxygen; occurs in the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells

Protein synthesis

Process of making proteins that includes transcription and translation

Pseudopod

"False-feet" of cytoplasmic extensions made by amoeba (protists) that help them engulf food and move through water

Ribosomes

Organelle that makes proteins; only organelle not bound by a membrane

Semi-permeable

Characteristic of the cell membrane in which some substances are allowed to cross but not others

Solute

The dissolved substance in a solution/solvent; example is salt or sugar

Solution

Mixture in which one substance dissolves another

Solvent

The substance in which the solute dissolves; ex. water

Total magnification

Can be obtained by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the ocular lens/eyepiece

Turgor pressure

Force created in a cell when water flows in and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall

Vacuoles

Storage organelle for food, water, and wastes