Book Review 1: PLP SLP Board Review - Anatomy, Kinesiology & Neuroanatomy - Flashcards

139 flashcards covering anatomy, kinesiology, and neuroanatomy based on the PLP SLP Board Review notes.

Which branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called what?

Efferent neurons.

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus is called the .

Diencephalon.

The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses, which are the .

Globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen.

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movements is the .

Cerebellum.

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what areas?

The corpus callosum and basal ganglia.

Respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration and expiration. The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax is called the .

Diaphragm.

The primary muscle of the lips is the .

Orbicularis oris.

The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds?

m, n, ng.

These are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

Aryepiglottic folds.

The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is which nerve?

Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve.

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the .

Palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini.

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the .

Lingual frenum.

When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the .

Genioglossus.

Which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds?

Lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid.

What is the primary paired muscle of soft palatal movement and velopharyngeal closure?

Levator veli palatini.

During speech, velar position is influenced primarily by what three muscles?

Levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus.

Contraction of this muscle adds bulk to the nasal surface of the soft palate, resulting in the 'velar eminence' or 'velar knee':

Musculus uvulae.

What articulators are involved in producing a pharyngeal fricative?

Tongue base and posterior pharyngeal wall.

Anterior displacement of a distinct portion of the posterior pharyngeal wall during speech is known as:

Passavant's ridge.

The formation of Passavant's ridge is attributed to what muscle?

Middle pharyngeal constrictor? Wait, correct answer per notes: Superior pharyngeal constrictor.

On expiration, the diaphragm:

Rises.

The rate at which air is expelled per second through the glottis during sustained phonation is which of the following?

Phonation quotient.

In relation to the vertebral column, the larynx is located from approximately the level of the:

C3 to C6 (third to sixth cervical vertebrae).

The superior opening of the larynx is formed by the:

Aryepiglottic fold.

Increase in intrathoracic pressure for coughing and sneezing is enabled by the approximation of:

The ventricular folds.

The _ is shaped like a signet ring.

Cricoid cartilage.

Elevation and lowering of the larynx for respiration and phonation is carried out by the:

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles.

The three major cartilages of the larynx related to phonation are:

Thyroid, arytenoid, and cricoid.

The most anterior prominence of the arytenoid cartilage, where the vocal folds attach, is which of the following?

Vocal process.

The prominence of the arytenoid cartilage that forms the attachment for the posterior and the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles is known as:

Muscular process.

The primary muscles of inhalation are:

External intercostal muscles.

The muscles responsible for elevation of the larynx in the neck are:

Suprahyoid muscles.

Which muscles aid in more complete adduction of the posterior aspect of the vocal folds?

Transverse and oblique interarytenoid muscles.

The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve innervates all of the intrinsic laryngeal muscle except the:

Cricothyroid.

This layer of the vocal fold helps to maintain the integrity of the vocal fold shape:

Epithelium.

The two layers of the vocal fold that form the vocal ligament are:

Intermediate and deep layers.

How long is a normal adult male's vocal fold?

17 to 21 mm.

The circle of Willis is a ring-shaped set of arteries that connects the basilar artery and the internal carotid arteries to the _, which supply blood to the brain hemispheres.

Cerebral arteries.

The circle of Willis may help to mitigate the effects of occlusion of one of the feeder arteries _ the circle of Willis.

Below.

Occlusions of the main branch of a cerebral artery are more serious than occlusions in _.

Peripheral (peripheral branches).

The arcuate fasciculus connects regions in the temporal lobes with regions in the frontal lobes and is one type of _ fiber tract.

Association.

Brodmann area 44, or the _ area, is an important area in spoken language.

Broca.

The Wernicke area is also known as:

The auditory association cortex.

The sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) divides the and lobes anteriorly and extends partially between the and lobes posteriorly.

Frontal and temporal lobes anteriorly; temporal and parietal lobes posteriorly.

Which laryngeal muscle is tested for motor function because its function (or lack thereof) will provide an understanding of swallowing sensory integrity?

Cricothyroid.

A Zenker diverticulum is found in:

Proximity to the upper esophageal sphincter.

Which of the following is not a phase of swallowing?

Laryngeal (phase is not identified as a phase).

At what anatomical level can the pharyngeal swallow be triggered and still be considered timely for a healthy person?

All of the above (anterior faucial pillar, valleculae, pyriform sinuses).

Which subset of the 12 cranial nerves is critically important during speech production?

V, VII, X, and XII.

Nuclei are groups of cell bodies (somas) that reside:

Inside the CNS.

The corticobulbar tract projects to most of the brainstem's motor nuclei in which manner?

Bilaterally.

The ____ is the basic unit of the nervous system.

Neuron.

Executive functions such as reasoning, planning, and problem solving are associated with the operation of the ____ lobe.

Frontal.

A lesion to the lower motor neuron will result in which of the following symptoms?

Flaccid paralysis or paresis.

Ataxic dysarthria is related to a lesion of which of the following?

Cerebellum.

The trigeminal lemniscal system transmits which sensations from the face to the primary sensory cortex in the brain?

Proprioception and touch.

Motor neurons innervating the muscles of mastication reside within which brainstem nucleus?

The motor nucleus of the trigeminal system.

Complete damage to the right and left hypoglossal nerves (cranial nerve XII) would result in:

Inability to voluntarily move the tongue.

The _ nerve innervates the muscles of expression and mediates taste in the anterior segment of the tongue.

Facial.

The Broca area and the Wernicke area are interconnected through the:

Arcuate fasciculus.

Which efferent tract innervates all the motor nuclei of the cranial nerve systems in the brainstem?

Corticobulbar tract.

In the absence of the trigeminal nerve, what abnormalities would be observed?

Loss of sensation to the skin of the face.

The notation "dB HL," or "HTL" (hearing threshold level), refers to:

The decibel notation used for calibration of audiometers.

Dynamic range is:

The decibel range between threshold and the level at which sounds become uncomfortably loud.

The range of frequencies that humans with normal hearing can detect is:

20 to 20,000 Hz.

The frequency range in which most speech sounds occur is:

500 to 5000 Hz.

In general, crossover does not occur when:

Sounds delivered to the ear through air conduction are softer than 40 to 45 dB HL.

The primary type of energy transferred through the outer ear is:

Acoustical.

Which tissue type is not found in the tympanic membrane?

Cartilage.

The middle ear functions to match the impedance of and in transmitting mechanical vibrations to the cochlea.

Air; cochlear fluid.

At rest under normal conditions, the nasopharyngeal ostium of the eustachian tube is:

Closed.

The eustachian tube of a child is and than that of an adult.

Shorter; more horizontal.

Contraction of the middle ear muscles in response to sound:

Protects the inner ear from loud sounds.

Of the following structures, which is not a part of the organ of Corti?

Modiolus.

Which feature of the basilar membrane is not essential to the maintenance of the traveling wave?

Width.

High tones are coded in the _ turns of the cochlea.

Basal.

At the level of the organ of Corti:

Hydromechanical energy is transduced into bioelectrical energy.

Which statement is false regarding the ear?

The ear not only receives and transmits sounds to the brain but also produces them (otoacoustic emissions).

Of the following nerves, which does not course through the internal auditory meatus?

Trigeminal (CN V).

The central auditory pathways consist of a complex, sequential series of and that extend from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex and back down again.

Nuclei; fiber tracts.

Of the following structures, which is not a part of the vestibular apparatus?

Ductus reuniens.

Which sense does not contribute to maintenance of balance?

Hearing.

Which muscle, originating from the lateral and superior cricoid rim, is involved primarily in 'medial compression' during vocalization and, when active, rotates the muscular process of the arytenoid laterally?

Lateral cricoarytenoid.

Glottal abductors include the:

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

The _ is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

Thyroid.

The _ is a free-floating and U-shaped bone that forms the upper extent of the laryngeal system.

Hyoid.

The thyrovocalis muscle:

Forms the medial segment of the vocal folds.

The mentalis muscle originates from the anterior surface of the mandible and:

Inserts into the lower lip to assist in lower lip elevation.

The buccinator muscle is a deep facial muscle that originates partially from the maxilla and:

Inserts into the muscles that constitute the oral angle.

The zygomaticus major and minor muscles operate together to:

Elevate the upper lip and draw the oral angle superiorly and posteriorly.

Originating from the temporal fossa, the temporalis muscle is capable of:

Shearing and tearing actions.

The medial pterygoid muscle plays an active role in closing the jaws during speech. Which muscle is considered the direct antagonist of the medial pterygoid during speech?

Anterior belly of digastricus muscle.

The _ muscle is responsible for the opening of the eustachian tube.

Tensor veli palatini.

High vowels have a higher oral impedance, which is correlated with a:

Smaller velopharyngeal opening.

The muscles of the velopharyngeal system include the:

Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, and superior pharyngeal constrictor.

The levator veli palatini is commonly referred to as the velar sling. The primary role of this muscle during velopharyngeal port closure is:

To elevate and retract the velum posteriorly.

The primary function of the musculus uvulae during velopharyngeal port closure is:

To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline.

The tongue body lacks an internal bony skeleton; such a system is referred to as:

Muscular hydrostat.

The cranial plates of the skull are connected with which type of joint?

Synarthrodial.